Abstract: The failure process of carbon fiber-reinforced structures exhibits ductile-brittle and catastrophic characteristics, while the failure mechanisms demonstrate diversity and complexity, making strength research critically important. Leveraging the unique theoretical paradigm of peridynamics (PD), which offers a unified framework for modeling material degradation and fracture without pre-defined crack paths, this paper proposes a novel peridynamic-rod (PDROD) model to accurately predict the diverse and complex failure modes, such as delamination and matrix cracking, in composite materials. In this proposed model, the distinct mechanical responses of the fiber bundles and the resin matrix are respectively captured by rod elements and a peridynamic model, and a new interfacial constitutive law is specifically developed to govern the critical stress transfer and debonding behavior at the fiber/matrix interface. In comparison with the conventional PD model, the PDROD framework offers two primary advantages: 1. its numerical model can comprehensively account for the physical characteristics of each constituent material in the prepreg, facilitating easy adjustment of the fiber bundle proportion during the material design process; 2. it can accurately captures the debonding mode at the fiber/matrix interface due to the integration of a new cohesive zone model into the numerical framework. As a result, the PDROD model is particularly suitable for the development and damage evaluation of high-performance composites, and serves a critical function in controlling fiber volume fraction and characterizing interfacial toughening behavior during prepreg fabrication. In the numerical analysis, this paper systematically investigates the static mechanical response of the composite material at fiber volume fractions of 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60%. The results demonstrate that the PDROD model effectively characterizes the mechanical properties of anisotropic materials. Furthermore, through comprehensive investigations into the failure behavior of both unidirectional and multi-directional laminated composite structures under tensile loading conditions, the model's capability in predicting macroscopic damage patterns and identifying dominant failure mechanisms in composite structures has been validated.