STUDY ON HYPERSONIC BOUNDARY LAYER LIQUID FILM EVOLUTION AND COOLING MECHANISM
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摘要: 高超声速液膜冷却技术是通过一系列狭缝或孔洞压出冷却工质, 在飞行器表面边界层形成一层低温冷却膜, 阻止高超声速气流对飞行器的气动加热. 其作为一种主动冷却方式在高超声速飞行器表面热防护有着巨大的应用潜力. 文章采用数值方法, 结合VOF模型, 研究25 km飞行高度和Ma=5气流条件下的液膜铺展情况, 并通过不同冷却工质的入射速度、角度、表面张力和黏性系数条件, 讨论了液膜在平板上的演化过程和冷却机理. 结果表明, 在气流作用下, 液膜向壁面下游发展, 液膜的存在导致边界层分离, 连续液膜会在一定位置断裂为液块, 然后进一步破碎为液滴. 入射条件和液体性质的改变, 会影响液膜沿流向的发展, 具体表现在连续液膜断裂点的位置和连续液膜的厚度. 在所设定的计算域内, 壁面热流降低了80% ~ 95%, 液膜对壁面的冷却效率随着液膜形态的变化而变化.Abstract: Hypersonic liquid film cooling technology is to press out the cooling medium through a series of slits or holes, creat a low-temperature cooling film in the boundary layer of the surface of the aircraft to prevent the aerodynamic heating of the aircraft by hypersonic airflow. As an active cooling method, it has great application potential in surface thermal protection of hypersonic vehicle. In this paper, numerical methods and VOF model are used to study the spreading of liquid film at 25 km flight altitude and Ma=5 airflow. The evolution process and cooling mechanism of liquid film on a flat plate are discussed through the incident velocity, Angle, surface tension and viscosity coefficient of different cooling medium. The results show that under the action of air flow, the liquid film develops downstream to the wall surface, the existence of the liquid film leads to the boundary layer separation, and the continuous liquid film will be broken into liquid blocks at a certain position, and then further broken into droplets. The change of incident conditions and liquid properties will affect the development of the liquid film along the flow direction, which is manifested in the position of the fracture point and the thickness of the continuous liquid film. Within the computational domain set in this paper, the wall heat flow is reduced by 80% ~ 95%, and the cooling efficiency of the liquid film on the wall varies with the the change of the liquid film morphology.
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Key words:
- hypersonic /
- liquid film cooling /
- liquid film evolution /
- wall heat flow /
- VOF
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图 5 (a) 壁面上冷却液膜的形态演化和(b)连续液膜的形态分布
Figure 5. (a) Morphological evolution of the liquid coolant film on the wall and (b) morphological distribution of the continuous liquid film
5 (a) 壁面上冷却液膜的形态演化和(b)连续液膜的形态分布 (续)
5. (a) Morphological evolution of the liquid coolant film on the wall and (b) morphological distribution of the continuous liquid film (continued)
图 7 不同入射速度下的液膜形态变化
Figure 7. Morphology changes of liquid film at different incident velocities
图 8 破碎距离和液膜厚度随入射条件和物性参数的变化情况
Figure 8. Changes of breaking distance and liquid film thickness with incident conditions and physical parameters
8 破碎距离和液膜厚度随入射条件和物性参数的变化情况 (续)
8. Changes of breaking distance and liquid film thickness with incident conditions and physical parameters (continued)
图 9 不同入射速度下的液膜形态变化
Figure 9. Morphology changes of liquid film at different incident velocities
图 11 不同表面张力下的液膜形态变化
Figure 11. Morphology changes of liquid film under different surface tension
图 12 不同黏性系数下的液膜形态变化
Figure 12. Morphology changes of liquid film under different viscosity coefficients
图 13 (a) 多个典型工况下的壁面热流分布, (b) 工况 3 与无液膜平板的壁面热流分布和(c) 工况 3 与无液膜平板在三个横截面下的近壁温度对比
Figure 13. (a) Wall heat flow distribution under multiple typical working conditions, (b) wall heat flow distribution between working condition 3 and the plate with no liquid film and (c) comparison of the near-wall temperature at three cross-sections for case 3 and the flat plate withoutliquid film
图 14 连续液膜段的温度云图与相界面
Figure 14. Temperature clouds and phase interface of continuous liquid film section
14 连续液膜段的温度云图与相界面 (续)
14. Temperature clouds and phase interface of continuous liquid film section (continued)
图 15 (a) 无液膜平板的温度云图, (b) 工况 3 液膜破碎前的温度云图, (c) 工况 3 液膜破碎后的温度云图和(d) 工况 1 液膜破碎后的温度云图
Figure 15. (a) Temperature cloud diagram of a plate without liquid film, (b) temperature cloud map before liquid film breakage in working condition 3, (c) temperature cloud map after liquid film breakage in working condition 3 and (d) temperature cloud diagram after liquid film breakage in workingcondition 1
表 1 工况参数
Table 1. Operating parameters
Incident velocity/(m·s−1) Incident angle/(°) Surface tension Kinetic viscosity/(Pa·s) 1 0.2 14.0 0.072 1.0 × 10−3 2 0.4 14.0 0.072 1.0 × 10−3 3 0.6 14.0 0.072 1.0 × 10−3 4 0.8 14.0 0.072 1.0 × 10−3 5 1.0 14.0 0.072 1.0 × 10−3 6 0.6 11.4 0.072 1.0 × 10−3 7 0.6 18.4 0.072 1.0 × 10−3 8 0.6 26.6 0.072 1.0 × 10−3 9 0.6 90.0 0.072 1.0 × 10−3 10 0.6 14.0 0.048 1.0 × 10−3 11 0.6 14.0 0.096 1.0 × 10−3 12 0.6 14.0 0.072 7.50 × 10−4 13 0.6 14.0 0.072 1.25 × 10−3 
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表 2 典型工况下壁面的热量传递
Table 2. Heat transfer on the wall under typical working conditions
Condition plate gas film colling condition 3 condition 5 condition 7 condition 9 Heat transfer/W 1821 509 316 248 548 93
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表 3 各工况对壁面的热量传递
Table 3. Heat transfer to the wall under different working conditions
Condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Heat transfer/W 5243 5036 5032 4979 4941 5043 4960 4935 4638 5085 5016 5130 4935
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