REVIEW OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT CIRCUITS FOR PIEZOELECTRIC VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTERS
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摘要: 随着物联网(internet of things, IoT)技术的高速发展, 传统的电池供电方式已经不能满足其供电需求. 利用压电能量俘获技术将机械能转换为电能, 可为IoT提供持久的电能, 具有广阔的应用前景. 本文在讨论压电振动俘能器的电学特性基础上, 全面总结了面向压电振动俘能器的电能管理电路的最新研究成果. 电能管理电路通常由AC-DC变换和DC-DC开关变换器(包括控制算法)两部分组成, 前者用于将压电振动俘能器输出的交流电转变为直流电, 后者用于提高能量俘获效率. 首先, 针对AC-DC变换, 分析了全桥整流器、电压倍增器、同步开关电感电路和同步开关电容电路的工作原理和优缺点. 接着, 重点讨论了用于压电振动俘能器的典型开关变换器电路, 包括电感式、全电容式和变压器式DC-DC开关变换器以及AC-DC开关变换器, 分析了它们的特点和适用场合. 最后, 针对压电振动俘能器的特点, 分析了实现最大能量俘获的几种典型控制算法, 包括最大功率点跟踪、阻抗匹配和同步电荷提取控制算法. 本文通过对面向压电振动俘能器的电能管理电路的全面分析和综述, 揭示了该领域目前存在的瓶颈问题, 并展望了其未来发展方向, 对压电能量俘获自供电系统的研究和开发具有重要的参考价值.Abstract: With the rapid developments of internet of things (IoT) technology, the traditional battery-based power supplies cannot meet its requirements of power supply. Using a piezoelectric energy harvesting technology which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy, can provide a stable and long-lasting power supply for IoTs, and has wide application prospects. Based on the discussion of the electrical characteristics of piezoelectric vibration energy harvester, this paper comprehensively summarizes state-of-the-art energy management circuits for piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters. The energy management circuits are usually composed of an AC-DC converter and a DC-DC switching converter (including the control algorithm of converters). The former is used to convert the AC voltage from the piezoelectric vibration energy harvester into DC voltage, and the latter is used to improve the efficiency of energy harvesting. Firstly, for AC-DC converters, the working principles and characteristics of full bridge rectifiers, voltage doublers, synchronized switch harvesting on inductors (SSHI) and synchronized switch harvesting on capacitors (SSHC) are analyzed. Then, the typical switching converters for piezoelectric energy harvesting are discussed, including inductor-based/ capacitor-based/ and transformer-based DC-DC switching converters and inductor-based AC-DC switching converters, besides, their characteristics and applications are analyzed. Finally, according to the characteristics of piezoelectric energy harvester, several typical control algorithms for maximum energy harvesting are analyzed, including maximum power point tracking, impedance matching and synchronous electric charge extraction (SECE). Through the comprehensive analysis and summary of the energy management circuits for the piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters, this paper reveals its bottleneck problems and future development trends, it has important reference values for the research and development of the self-powered piezoelectric energy harvesting systems.
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图 1 振动能量俘获自供电系统的结构
Figure 1. Structure of self-powered energy harvesting system from vibration energy
图 3 压电振动俘能器的等效电路
Figure 3. Equivalent circuit of piezoelectric vibration energy harvester
图 11 Buck-boost型变换器的结构与工作原理
Figure 11. Circuit and operating principal of Buck-boost converter
图 13 由4个电容重构单元实现的7种等效电容
Figure 13. Seven equal capacitor circuits generated by four reconfigurable cells
表 1 AD-DC变换技术对比
Table 1. Comparison of AD-DC conversion
Method Advantages Disadvantages full bridge rectifier strong adaptability low efficiency P-SSHI highest efficiency only suit for weak coupling;
large sizeS-SSHI higher efficiency the same as above;
limited output voltageSSHC high efficiency;
small sizelimited input energy 
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表 2 开关变换器的性能比较
Table 2. Comparison of switching converters
Converter Advantages Disadvantages inductor-based strong adaptability;
high efficiencylarge size;
limited output powercapacitor- based small size;
high efficiencylimited output power;
limited input voltagetransformer- based large range of input
voltage;
large output powerlargest size;
highest efficiencyAC-DC low start-up voltage;
less MosFetsnegative voltage power supply;
complex control law
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表 3 控制算法的性能对比
Table 3. Comparison of control strategy
Control strategy Advantages Disadvantages MPPT strong portability complex circuit impedance matching simple circuit;
low costpoor flexibility;
efficiency changing with ωSECE high efficiency peak voltage detection difficulty
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