PROGRESSION ON FLUID ENERGY HARVESTING BASED ON TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATORS
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摘要: 环境中的流体 (包括气体和液体) 动能是十分丰富且重要的清洁能源之一, 流体能量可通过不同的能量俘获技术 (电磁发电技术、压电能量俘获技术) 被转化为电能并供人们使用. 自2012年王中林研究团队发明摩擦纳米发电机 (triboelectric nanogenerator, TENG) 以来, TENG已成为了最重要的能量, 俘获技术之一, 并应用于流体能量俘获研究中. 论文综述了当前用于流体能量俘获的摩擦纳米发电机 (fluidic energy harvesting TENG, FEH-TENG) 的研究现状. 介绍了 FEH-TENG 中摩擦电材料之间的电荷转移原理以及基本的工作模式. 在气流动能俘获方面, 流致振动 (如涡激振动、驰振、颤振和尾流驰振等)是一种有效的将流体动力转化为机械能的物理机制, 基于该机制, 总结了FEH-TENG在风能和流致振动能量俘获中的研究进展以及各类能量俘获结构. 液体动能俘获方面总结了 FEH-TENG 在波浪和雨滴能量俘获中的研究进展. 介绍了基于 FEH-TENG的混合能量俘获系统和摩擦电材料优化在提升FEH-TENG流体能量俘获效率方面的研究. 接着介绍了FEH-TENG在不同领域中的应用. 最后讨论了目前 FEH-TENG 在流体能量俘获中存在的问题并提出了一些展望. 论文工作有助于推动FEH-TENG在流体能量俘获领域的发展以及促进相关研究人员对该领域的认识.Abstract: The fluid mechanical energy including air kinetic energy and liquids kinetic energy in the environment is one of the most abundant and important clean energy. Through different energy harvesting technologies such as electromagnetic power generation technology and piezoelectric energy harvesting technology, the aforementioned clean fluid energy can be successfully converted into electrical energy and used by human. Since the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was invented in 2012 year from the research lab leaded by Zhonglin Wang, the triboelectric nanogenerator has become one of the most important energy harvesting technology and has been applied to fluid mechanical energy harvesting. This paper comprehensively reviews the current research status of energy harvesting by fluidic energy harvesting TENG (FEH-TENG). The principle of charge transfer between triboelectric materials in FEH-TENG and the basic working mode is introduced. On harvesting air kinetic energy, as the mechanism of Flow induced vibrations (such as vortex-induced vibration, gallop, flutter, and wake galloping, etc.) can effectively transfer fluidic energy into mechanical energy, which is quite proper in designing the energy harvesting structure, in this work, the research progress and various energy harvesting structures of FEH-TENG in wind energy and flow-induced vibration energy harvesting are summarized. In the aspect of liquid kinetic energy harvesting, the research work of FEH-TENG utilized in wave and raindrop energy harvesting is also summarized. Furthermore, the research progress of the hybrid energy harvesting system based on FEH-TENG and optimization of triboelectric materials in improving the energy harvesting efficiency of FEH-TENG has been summarized. Then, the application of FEH-TENG in different engineering fields is introduced. Finally, the current existing problems of the FEH-TENG while collecting the fluid mechanical energy in harvesting are discussed and some perspectives for the future development of FEH-TENG are provided. This work is helpful to promote the development of FEH-TENG in the research fields of fluid mechanical energy harvesting and promote the understanding of relevant researchers in this research fields.
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Key words:
- TENG /
- fluid energy /
- hybrid energy collection /
- triboelectric materials /
- self-power system
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图 4 摩擦纳米发电机的四种基本工作模式[43-45]. (a) 接触分离模式, (b) 单电极模式, (c) 横向滑动模式, (d) 独立模式, (e) 蝶形摩擦纳米发电机[46], (f) 滴液摩擦纳米发电机测试系统[47], (g) 滑纸型摩擦纳米发电机[48], (h) 球形摩擦电纳米发电机[51]
Figure 4. Four basic working modes of the TENG[43-45]. (a) Contact-separation mode, (b) single-electrode mode, (c) lateral sliding mode, (d) freestanding mode, (e) butterfly-inspired TENG[46], (f) water droplet-driven TENG measuring system[47], (g) sliding paper TENG[48], (h) spherical TENG[51]
图 8 (a)-(c) 水波能和(d) 液滴能俘获的摩擦纳米发电机. (a) 折纸式摩擦纳米发电机及其输出功率[79], (b) 弹簧辅助式多层结构球形摩擦纳米发电机及其输出特性[80], (c)圆柱型摩擦纳米发电机[84], (d)滴液式摩擦纳米发电机及其优化设计与输出性能[85]
Figure 8. (a)-(c) The wave and (d) droplet energy collected by TENG. (a) the origami-inspired TENG and its output power[79], (b) the spherical TENG with spring-assisted multilayered structure and its output performances[80], (c) the cylindrical TENG[84], and (d) the L-TENG and its optimal design scheme and output performance[85]
图 9 混合式摩擦纳米发电机. (a) 混合压电−摩擦纳米发电机俘获波浪冲击能[94]，(b) 柔性混合压电-摩擦纳米发电机及不同滴液频率时输出特性[95]，(c) 双晶片压电纳米发电机与摩擦纳米发电机构成的风能俘获器[96]，(d) 混合电磁与摩擦纳米发电机水波能俘获器[97]，(e) 混合电磁与摩擦纳米发电机风能俘获器[98]
Figure 9. The TENG with hybrid energy collection modes. (a) The collection of wave impact energy by hybrid Piezo-triboelectric nanogenerator[94], (b) a flexible hybrid Piezo-triboelectric nanogenerator and its output characteristics with different droplet frequencies[95], (c) a wind energy collector with bimorph-based piezoelectric and TENG[96], (d) a water wave energy collector with EMG and TENG[97], and (e) a wind energy collector with EMG and TENG[98]
10 (a) 球形摩擦纳米发电机工作原理及其大规模发电网络设计[33]. (b)自供电式滴液传感器在(i-ii)智能静脉注射监护和(iii-iv)排液瓶的应用[120]. (c) (i)水流动能和(ii)风能俘获的摩擦纳米发电机及在智能农业中应用; (iii)自供电土壤水分监测系统; (iv)为土壤湿度传感器供电; (v)水位警戒[121]
10. (a) Working mechanism of spherical TENG and its large-scale power generation network[33]. (b) Application of self-powered droplet Sensor in (i-ii) smart intravenous injection monitor and (iii-iv) drainage bottle [120]. (c) The TENGs that collect (i) water flow energy and (ii) wind energy and their application in smart agriculture; (iii) self-powered soil moisture monitoring system; (iv) power the soil moisture sensor; (v) water level alarm[121]
图 10 (a) 球形摩擦纳米发电机工作原理及其大规模发电网络设计[33]. (b)自供电式滴液传感器在(i-ii)智能静脉注射监护和(iii-iv)排液瓶的应用[120]. (c) (i)水流动能和(ii)风能俘获的摩擦纳米发电机及在智能农业中应用; (iii)自供电土壤水分监测系统; (iv)为土壤湿度传感器供电; (v)水位警戒[121] (续)
Figure 10. (a) Working mechanism of spherical TENG and its large-scale power generation network[33]. (b) Application of self-powered droplet Sensor in (i-ii) smart intravenous injection monitor and (iii-iv) drainage bottle [120]. (c) The TENGs that collect (i) water flow energy and (ii) wind energy and their application in smart agriculture; (iii) self-powered soil moisture monitoring system; (iv) power the soil moisture sensor; (v) water level alarm[121] (continued)
表 1 FEH-TENG气流动能俘获研究总结
Table 1. Research summary of air-flow energy collection by FEH-TENG
No. Authors Mode Material Open-circuit
voltage/VShort-circuit current Peak power/power
density (resistance)Excitation
typeExcitation
value1 Ref. [60] contact-separation Al+PTFE 3.5 300 nA 0.64 mW/m2 (5 MΩ) wind 0.05 MPa 2 Ref. [53] contact-separation and
lateral slidingAl+PTFE 360 (Vocpp) 130 A (Iscpp) 245 mW (2 kΩ) wind 6 m/s 3 Ref. [57] freestanding Cu+FEP 500 15 μA 200 nC wind − 4 Ref. [55] contact-separation Al+FEP 1150 7.5 μA 0.95 mW (108 Ω) wind 1.8 m/s 5 Ref. [54] freestanding Al+FEP 120 40 μA 0.82 mW/26 mW/m2
(4 MΩ, 12 units in parallel)wind 25 m/s 6 Ref. [61] contact-separation Al/FEP+AgNWs NFs 20 mW/m3 † wind 0.7 - 6 m/s 7 Ref. [49] freestanding Cu+PTFE 1190 25 μA 9.1 mW (56 MΩ) wind 2.7 m/s 8 Ref. [65] contact-separation AgNWs NFs+FEP 190* 23 μA* − FIV 2.5 m/s 9 Ref. [70] freestanding Carbon+PET 20.8 6.8 μA 36.72 μW/0.0408 mW/cm3 (5 MΩ) FIV 7.5 m/s 10 Ref. [64] contact-separation Al+PTFE 270 7.6 μA 1.3 mW (44 MΩ) FIV 2.9 m/s 11 Ref. [75] contact-separation Nylon+FEP 220 7 μA 7.9 μW† (50 MΩ) FIV 2.0 m/s 注：Vocpp和Iscpp表示峰峰之间的最大开路电压和短路电流. 上标*表示文献图中的近似值, 上标†表示平均值.
Note：Vocpp and Iscpp indicate the maximum open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current between peak to peak. The superscript * indicates the approximate value in the literature chart, and the superscript † indicates the average value.
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表 2 FEH-TENG液体动能俘获研究总结
Table 2. Research summary of liquids energy collection by FEH-TENG
No. Authors Mode Material Open-circuit
voltage/VShort-circuit
currentPeak power/power
density (resistance)Excitation
typeExcitation
value1 Ref. [84] freestanding Cu+FEP 120 1.52 μA 110 μW/231.6 mW/m3 (100 MΩ) wave 0.033 Hz 2 Ref. [76] contact-separation Cu+FEP 419 56.7 μA 4.1 mW (10 MΩ) wave 1.0 Hz 3 Ref. [31] freestanding Al+FEP 1100 50 μA 5.2 mW†/6.6 W/m3 †
(20 MΩ)wave 1.75 Hz 4 Ref. [79] contact-separation Cu+FEP 1004 (Vocpp) 110 μA 11.2 mW (6.28 MΩ) impulse excitation 9.3 g − − 55.4 μW (60 MΩ) wave 2 Hz 5 Ref. [80] contact-separation Cu+FEP 250 200 μA 8.5 mW/4.81 W/m3
(1 MΩ)wave 1.0 Hz 6 Ref. [32] freestanding water+PTFE/ZnO 16 10 μA − droplet continuous 7 Ref. [86] contact-separation Cu+PTFE 21.6 − 16 W (1 MΩ) droplet (6 mm) single 8 Ref. [87] single-electrode water+PTFE 68.1 84.8 μA − droplet (120 μL) single 9 Ref. [88] contact-separation Cu+PTFE 42.2 95.4 A − droplet 22 mL/s 注：Vocpp和Iscpp表示峰峰之间的最大开路电压和短路电流. 上标†表示平均值.
Note：Vocpp and Iscpp indicate the maximum open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current between peak to peak. The superscript † indicates the average value.
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表 3 混合式FEH-TENG能量俘获研究总结
Table 3. Summary of hybrid FEH-TENG energy harvesting
No. Authors Mode Material Open-circuit voltage/V Short-circuit current Peak power/power density (resistance) Excitation type Excitation value 1 Ref. [93] TENG Al+PTEF 360 (Vocpp) 128 A (Iscpp) 1.67 mW (10 MΩ) wind 6 m/s PENG Cu+PVDF 65 (Vocpp) 135 A (Iscpp) 1.38 mW (330 KΩ) EMG magnet+copper coil 23.2 (Vocpp) 87 mA (Iscpp) 268.6 mW (180 Ω) 2 Ref. [98] TENG nylon+FEP 683 (Vocpp) − 1.8 mW/2.7 W/cm2 (60 MΩ) wind 12 m/s EMG magnet+copper coil 47.4 (Vocpp) − 62 mW (660 Ω) 3 Ref. [99] TENG water+FEP 5 − − droplet single TENG Al+PTEF 50 6 μA − wind 13 m/s solar cell 4.2 27 μA − solar 900 4 Ref. [95] PENG Mo+AlN 1.5 (Vocpp) − 9 mW/m2 (104 kΩ) droplet 3.33 mL/s TENG Ti/Au+parylene C 5 Ref. [100] TENG water+sino-fluorine − − 2.6 μW/cm2 droplet 30 μL PENG (pyroelectricity) silver+PVDF+silver 27† − temperature difference 40 ℃ 6 Ref. [101] TENG Al+PTFE 760 4 μA 55 mW/m2 (353 MΩ) wave 0.8 Hz EMG magnet+copper coil 2 10 mA − 注：Vocpp和Iscpp表示峰峰之间的最大开路电压和短路电流. 上标†表示平均值.
Note：Vocpp and Iscpp indicate the maximum open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current between peak to peak. The superscript † indicates the average value.
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