STUDY ON INSTABILITY MECHANISM AND EVOLUTION MODEL OF PROPELLER TIP VORTICES
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摘要: 螺旋桨尾流场的涡流特性是一个基础但又十分复杂的流体力学问题, 它的复杂性源于其蕴含复杂的漩涡系统, 且该漩涡系统会在高速的剪切层流动中不断演化, 其流体动力学行为, 如由稳定态演变为不稳定态的机理以及复杂工况环境中的流动现象, 一直是流体力学领域的难点和备受关注的热点问题. 从工程应用的角度看, 桨后梢涡的演化特性与船舶结构物的宏观特性直接相关, 更好地理解多工况下螺旋桨尾流的动力学特性, 将有助于改善与振动、噪声以及结构问题等相关的推进器性能, 对综合性能优良的下一代螺旋桨的设计和优化有着重要的现实意义. 本文基于延迟分离涡模拟、大涡模拟和无湍流模型模拟方法以及粒子图像测速流场测试分别开展了螺旋桨尾流动力学特性的数值与试验研究, 对螺旋桨尾流不稳定性的触发机理进行了揭示. 并基于均匀来流中螺旋桨梢涡的演化机理, 提出了螺旋桨梢涡演化模型, 该模型能够较为准确地模拟螺旋桨梢涡的演化过程, 预测螺旋桨梢涡融合的时间和位置, 对螺旋桨流噪声预报和控制以及性能优良的螺旋桨设计具有重要意义.Abstract: The propeller wake dynamics is a fundamental but very complicated fluid mechanics problem. Its complexity comes from its sophisticated vortex system, which keeps evolving in high-speed shear layer flow. The mechanism of propeller wake behaviors such as the evolution from stable regime to unstable regime and the flow phenomenon in a complex operating environment have always been difficult and hot topics in the field of fluid mechanics. From the perspective of engineering applications, propeller wakes are directly related to the macroscopic characteristics of marine structures, a better understanding of the dynamic characteristic of the propeller wake under multiple operating conditions helps to improve the propulsion performance related to vibration, noise, and structure problems and has important practical significance for the design and optimization of next-generation propellers with good comprehensive performance. In this paper, the propeller wake dynamics are analyzed numerically using DDES, LES and NTM methods and experimentally based on PIV flow measurements, and the triggering mechanism of the instability of the propeller wake is revealed. Based on the evolution mechanism of the tip vortex in the uniform inflow, an evolution model of the tip vortices is proposed. The proposed model can accurately reproduce the evolution process of propeller tip vortex, predict the instant and position of tip vortex merging, which is of great significance to the prediction and control of propeller flow noise and the design of propellers with excellent performance.
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图 2 粒子图像测速测量的试验设置草图
Figure 2. The sketch of the experimental setup for PIV measurements
图 4 不同工况下的相平均涡量场
Figure 4. Phase-averaged out-of-plane vorticity at different loading conditions
图 5 试验结果三维梢涡结构的插值方法
Figure 5. Interpolation methods for calculating 3D tip vortex structures of experiments
图 6 不同工况下相平均三维涡结构
Figure 6. Three-dimensional phase-averaged vortical structures at different loading conditions
图 9 不同工况下梢涡不稳定性触发过程
Figure 9. Instability inception process of tip vortices under different conditions
图 15 采用模型预报得到的J = 0.56和J = 0.74时的瞬态漩涡系统
Figure 15. Instantaneous vortex system predicted by proposed model at J = 0.56 and J = 0.74
表 1 E1658螺旋桨的几何参数
Table 1. Main parameters of E1658 propeller
Parameters Unit Value diameter mm 250 number of blades — 7 hub/diameter ratio — 0.227 chord at 0.95R mm 6.8 
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表 2 螺旋桨网格系统
Table 2. Details of the grid system for the propeller
Grid Size Grid points/103 Grid type shaft 241 $ \times $ 91 $ \times $ 241 5285 ‘O’ blades 7 $ \times $ 241 $ \times $ 61 $ \times $ 181 7 $ \times $ 2661 ‘O’ tips 7 $ \times $ 145 $ \times $ 61 $ \times $ 101 7 $ \times $ 893 wrapped Ref[1] 603 $ \times $ 251 $ \times $ 251 37 990 cartesian Ref[2] 1141 $ \times $ 101 $ \times $ 1081 124 576 cylindrical total 192 730
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