晶体相场法模拟镍基单晶高温合金中孔洞的形成与生长
FORMATION AND GROWTH OF VOIDS IN NI-BASED SUPERALLOYS: A PHASE FIELD CRYSTAL STUDY
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摘要: 微观孔洞的存在破坏了材料的连续性, 在承受荷载时容易导致应力集中而成为裂纹萌生的源头. 镍基单晶高温合金因其特定成分和铸造工艺不可避免会导致微孔洞的出现, 严重影响高温合金的服役性能. 采用晶体相场法, 模拟了镍基单晶高温合金在周期性应变率的循环加载和恒定应变率的拉伸加载作用下孔洞的形成和生长过程. 模拟结果表明, 孔洞的生长与累积应变密切相关, 循环加载因累积应变速度较慢甚至不累积应变, 对孔洞生长的影响很小. 拉伸加载能逐渐累积应变, 孔洞出现较快增长, 这是因为拉伸加载易诱导孔洞发射位错, 位错吸收空位后形成孔洞, 而且在应变率扰动下局部空位浓度会更早达到饱和值从而形核形成新孔洞. 孔洞的生长机制取决于应变率的大小, 当施加的应变率较小时, 孔洞的生长主要为扩散作用控制; 而当应变率较大时, 应变率加载短期内主导孔洞快速增长, 后期孔洞成为空位源释放空位, 并通过扩散作用促进空位再平衡. 研究结果可为镍基单晶高温合金的成分设计以及孔洞抑制提供参考.Abstract: The presence of micro-voids breaks material continuity, which can cause stress concentration and become the initiation sites of cracks under loading. In Ni-based single crystal superalloys, it is hard to avoid micro-voids due to their compositions and casting processes, which seriously affect the service performance of superalloys. The formation and growth of voids in Ni-based single crystal superalloys under periodic strain rate cyclic loading and constant strain rate tensile loading are simulated using the phase field crystal method in this study. The simulation results indicate that the growth of voids is closely related to the accumulated strain and cyclic strain rate loading has little effect on void growth due to its slow or even non-cumulative strain. However, the rapid accumulation of strain under tensile strain rate loading results in a rapid growth of voids. This is because tensile strain rate loading easily induces the emission of dislocations from voids, which absorb vacancies and form voids. Moreover, under strain rate disturbance, the local vacancy concentration will reach saturation earlier, leading to the nucleation and formation of new voids. The growth mechanism of voids depends on the magnitude of the strain rate. When the applied strain rate is low, the void growth is mainly controlled by diffusion, while when the strain rate is high, the strain rate loading dominates the rapid growth of voids in the short term, and later the voids become vacancy sources, releasing vacancies and promoting vacancy rebalancing through diffusion. These findings can provide references for the composition design and void suppression of Ni-based superalloys.
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