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中文核心期刊

基于微观力学模型的砂土非共轴特性研究

STUDY ON THE NON-COAXIAL BEHAVIOR OF SAND BASED ON A MICROMECHANICAL MODEL

  • 摘要: 砂土的非共轴特性表现为主应力方向与塑性应变率方向不一致的现象. 学者通过单剪试验空心圆柱扭剪试验系统研究了其力学机制. 已有研究表明, 切应力增量会促使土体沿该方向发生塑性变形, 导致主应力方向与塑性应变率方向逐渐趋于共轴. 微观上, 砂土的非共轴特性源于颗粒接触分布不均引起的组构各向异性. 为了考虑各向异性, 传统的弹塑性本构模型通常在屈服函数、塑性势函数、临界状态线及剪胀方程中引入各向异性参数. 然而, 这些参数通常具有经验性, 缺乏明确的理论依据. 相比之下, 微观力学模型在应力积分时直接考虑土的组构各向异性, 无需像传统的弹塑性本构模型引入经验性的各向异性参数. 本文基于 Chang-Hicher(CH)微观力学模型并结合旋转后的二阶偏组构张量以及组构演化公式模拟了不同加载方向的排水三轴和空心圆柱扭剪试验. 试验的模拟结果均表明砂土的应力比、体应变以及各向异性随着应变的发展均趋于临界状态, 验证了该模型符合各向异性临界状态理论. 同时, 土的强度和变形特性与组构的演化息息相关. 对于加载方向与组构主方向不一致的非共轴加载条件, 土体在大应变下的强度显著降低, 随后组构的变化导致加载方向的法向接触的比例增大, 土体的强度得以恢复. 与文献中报道的模拟结果相比, CH微观力学模型更好地捕捉了加载方向对于砂土力学行为的影响.

     

    Abstract: The non-coaxial behavior of sand is characterized by the misalignment between directions of the principal stress and the plastic strain rate. Researchers have systematically studied its mechanical mechanism through single shear tests and hollow cylinder torsional shear tests. Existing research indicates that an increment in shear stress induces plastic deformation along its direction, causing the principal stress and plastic strain rate directions to progressively align and become coaxial. At the microscopic scale, the non-coaxial behavior of sand originates from fabric anisotropy caused by non-uniform particle distribution. To account for anisotropy, conventional elastoplastic constitutive models typically introduce anisotropic parameters into the yield function, plastic potential function, critical state line, and dilatation equation. However, these parameters are often empirically derived and lack a theoretical basis. In contrast, multiscale micromechanical models directly incorporate the soil's fabric anisotropy in the stress averaging equation without any empirical anisotropic parameters required by conventional elastoplastic constitutive models. Using a rotated second-order deviatoric fabric tensor and a fabric evolution law, we employed the Chang-Hicher (CH) micromechanical model to simulate drained triaxial and hollow cylinder torsional shear tests under various loading directions. Simulations demonstrate that the stress ratio, volumetric strain, and fabric anisotropy of sand evolve toward the critical state at large strains, which validates the compatibility of the model with the anisotropic critical state theory. The strength and deformation behaviors of soils are inherently linked to the evolution of their fabric. For undrained triaxial experiments subjected to non-coaxial loading with the material fabric, the strength of sands reduces significantly at large strains. Subsequently, changes in the fabric result in more contacts aligned with the loading direction, thereby recovering the soil's strength. Compared to simulation results reported in previous studies, the CH model accurately captures the effect of loading direction on the mechanical behaviors of sands.

     

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