Abstract: In any location where fluids are present, there is an inherent possibility for the formation of bubbles, and these bubbles, a ubiquitous presence of gas within liquids, are pervasive in both natural and engineered settings. They play a crucial role across a wide spectrum of fields, from marine and ocean engineering to advanced manufacturing, environmental and chemical engineering, life sciences, and medicine. Bubbles are not only valuable in these areas but also the root cause of hazards in fields such as underwater structural blast resistance and cavitation. As such, bubble dynamics has emerged as a fundamental scientific concern shared by many disciplines. The complexity of bubble dynamic behavior, however, presents significant challenges, requiring intricate studies that span a multitude of physical factors and environmental conditions, including boundaries, multiple bubbles, flow-field environments, fluid compressibility, viscosity, and surface tension. To date, there are still many unresolved issues in bubble dynamics under complex conditions, such as the theoretical understanding of bubble dynamics, interactions within bubble clusters, gas-liquid-solid coupling effects, and mechanisms of bubble-induced damage and protection. This paper starts with the fundamental physical phenomena of bubble dynamics, providing an in-depth analysis of the challenges faced in the field and outlining the existing mechanical problems. It reviews the latest advancements in the theories, numerical methods, and experimental techniques in bubble dynamics. Through a systematic organization and detailed examination of current research findings, the paper concludes with an outlook on the future trends in bubble dynamics and suggests potential research directions and topics, aiming to lay a foundation and provide a reference for further studies in bubble dynamics. This comprehensive approach is intended to address the gaps in our knowledge and push the boundaries of what we understand about the intricate behavior of bubbles in various fluid environments, ultimately contributing to the advancement of scientific and technological innovation.