Abstract: The integrated thermal protection structure is usually in a severe unstable thermal environment, and the time effect of thermal load, namely transient thermal effect, is obvious. In order to avoid huge calculation consumption of transient thermal analysis, previous optimization design studies of integrated thermal protection structures usually equivalent transient heat transfer to steady-state heat transfer under the same thermal boundary conditions, and take the temperature field of steady-state heat transfer analysis as the design thermal load. However, previous studies have shown that the steady-state heat transfer cannot accurately equivalent the effect of transient heat transfer, and the transient thermal effect has an important influence on the structural design results. In this paper, the optimization design problem of integrated thermal protection structure considering transient thermal effect is studied, and a topology optimization method of integrated thermal protection structure considering transient temperature and stress constraints is established. Based on the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) method, two kinds of topology optimization models for integrated thermal protection structures are constructed: (1) the stiffness design model taking minimizing the structural strain energy as objective function, considering material volume fraction, maximum stress and maximum bottom-face temperature constraints; (2) the strength design model taking minimizing material volume fraction as objective function, considering maximum stress and maximum bottom-face temperature constraints. By solving the transient thermodynamic coupling equation, the thermodynamic coupling static analysis results of the structure are obtained. The maximum value of structural response in time domain is represented by the condensed integral function in space and time domains, which was taken as constraint and objective functions. The sensitivity expressions of objective function and constraint functions are derived by adjoint method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by three numerical results. Numerical examples showed that the proposed method could accurately reflect the influence of transient thermal effects on the design results of integrated thermal protection structures under the condition of transient heat transfer. Compared with the design results based on steady-state thermal analysis, the design results considering transient thermal effects were significantly improved.