Abstract: So far the research into the problems involved in homogeneous toroidal shells has been done so well that we think the problems have been solved. The results presented in this paper are relevant to toroidal shells made of orthotropic materials. They can be used in calculations of arbitrarily shaped toroidal shells and in simplified analysis of bellows. The method presented here, which is based on the theory of thin elastic shells, is used to axisymmetrically orthotropic toroidal shells. A second-order differ...