Abstract: From the micro-molecular chain structures, based on the Gauss statistical model in hyperelasticity theory of the rubber matrix and the viscous rheological theory of viscoelastic materials, the effects of the micro molecular structures and fillers on the viscoelastic properties of the viscoelastic materials are studied. The temperature-frequency equivalent theory is introduced to investigate the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of the viscoelastic materials, and an equivalent fractional order micro-structure standard linear solid model of the viscoelastic materials is established. The mechanical properties and energy dissipation capacity of the viscoelastic materials are tested by dynamic thermomechanical analyzer (DMA) device. The experimental results show that the storage modulus is large in low temperature region, and decreases significantly with increasing temperature; the loss factor is small in high and low temperature regions, but has peak values near the glass transition temperature. Then the validity of the model is verified based on the test results, and the equivalent fractional order micro-structure standard linear solid model can effectively describe the energy dissipation capacity of the viscoelastic materials. What's more, the validity of the model is further verified by the combination of 9050A and ZN22 viscoelastic materials. The results show that the viscoelastic materials have good energy dissipation capacity. The proposed equivalent fractional order micro-structure standard linear solid model can accurately describe the influence of microstructures and fillers on macro-properties of viscoelastic materials. And the dynamic mechanical properties of the viscoelastic materials at different temperatures and frequencies also can be accurately described.