Abstract: This study employs Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) to investigate the two-way coupling mechanisms in supersonic channel flows under varying Mach numbers and particle inertia. The primary objective is to elucidate the specific modulation effects of particles on flow statistics and vortex structures. Three Mach number cases ( Ma = 0.2,1.5 and 3.0 ) were designed, incorporating two representative particle types with Stokes numbers of St_0^ + = 1 and St_0^ + = 30 . By comparing one-way and two-way coupling results, this paper systematically analyzes the modulation of flow density, temperature, velocity fluctuations, and coherent structures by particles. Furthermore, the factors influencing particle feedback forces—specifically particle drag coefficient, slip velocity, and flow field density—are examined. The results indicate that two-way coupling effects significantly enhance the stability of coherent flow structures, leading to a faster attainment of statistical steady state in particle distribution. Particles primarily exhibit a suppression effect on flow vortex structures, which becomes more pronounced as the Mach number increases. Analysis of feedback forces reveals that while the mean feedback force is stronger at lower Mach numbers, the fluctuation intensity of the feedback force is higher at higher Mach numbers. This phenomenon is attributed to the higher near-wall density distribution and the individual variability in particle motion states characteristic of high Mach number flows. This research provides important reference data for clarifying particle dynamics in high-speed two-phase flows.