Abstract: The transition between flow states is a central topic in fluid mechanics. In viscoelastic turbulence, polymer additives introduce elastic effects that fundamentally alter the transition dynamics compared to Newtonian flows. This study investigates the viscoelastic spanwise-rotating plane Couette flow (RPCF) using the FENE-P model and direct numerical simulations based on a three-dimensional spectral method. At a fixed high Reynolds number (Re = 5200) and constant elasticity, the rotation number (Ro = 0–1) is varied to examine rotation-driven transitions. A distinct transition pathway is identified, evolving from drag-reduced inertia-dominated turbulence (0 ≤ Ro < 0.12), through drag-enhanced inertia-dominated turbulence (0.12 ≤ Ro < 0.24), to drag-enhanced elastically-dominated turbulence (0.24 ≤ Ro ≤ 1). Analysis shows that polymers suppress Reynolds stress generation while introducing additional drag via polymer stresses, leading to complex turbulent drag modifications. Energy transport analysis reveals that the Coriolis force replaces the pressure–strain term as the main energy source for Reynolds stress components, establishing a universal energy transfer map for viscoelastic RPCF. At Ro = 1, the flow is still turbulent as polymer chains are strongly stretched by Coriolis-induced vortices, releasing elastic energy that sustains turbulence.