柔性旋转梁是空间机械臂、涡轮叶片、直升机旋翼及卫星天线等诸多工程结构的理论模型,其动力学特性对系统精度、性能与安全可靠性具有重要影响[1-4].相关问题一直是国内外学者的研究热点,在动力学模型和建模理论方法方面,发展出了动力刚化模型[5]、一次近似耦合模型[6-8]、一次精确耦合模型[9-11]、高次耦合模型[12]、几何精确模型[13]、浮动坐标法[14-15]、绝对节点坐标法[16]、随转坐标法[17]、有限段方法[18]、一致线性化方法[19]等;在变形场离散与插值方法方面发展了Bezier插值法[20-21]、B样条插值法[22]及无网格插值法[23-24]等;动力学方程分析求解方面,发展了假设模态法[25]、有限差分法[26]、有限元法等方法[27];取得了诸多研究成果.
为了准确进行旋转结构的设计,需要正确估计旋转系统结构及状态参数对其固有振动特性的影响. 在以旋转叶片、旋翼为背景的平面内柔性旋转梁问题研究中, 有学者发现系统频率、模态振型随旋转速度变化出现频率转向与振型转换现象[28].在以含梁式柔性附件的航天器为背景的中心刚体-柔性旋转梁系统动力学特性研究中,蒋丽忠和洪嘉振[29]指出大范围运动转速对频率和模态均有影响,杨辉等[30-31]通过理论分析和实验验证发现定边界的模态与动边界的模态存在较大差异,指出刚柔耦合系统模态频率与刚体-柔性梁转动惯量比值有一定关系,方建士等[32]发现随着转速的增加,旋转悬臂梁将出现频率转向与振型转换现象,Zhao等[33]也同样发现刚柔耦合系统动力学特性会随着中心刚体转动惯量及转速的变化而变化.但上述研究在动力学建模时多认为旋转梁根部与中心刚体为刚性固接,而实际工程中由于连接件弹性变形[34]、根部裂纹[35-37]等因素,根部边界处不是理想的刚性连接,而应视为具有一定扭转刚度的铰接.此外,现有研究在动力学特性分析时多集中于旋转速度对系统固有频率与振型的影响,而对系统径长比、梁的长细比等因素的影响分析较少. 最后,现有离散方法往往需要根据不同的边界条件构造不同的形函数,处理过程复杂[38].Chebyshev谱方法作为具有指数收敛特性的高精度数值方法,能够很好地解决各类线性、非线性梁动力学问题,结合投影矩阵法能够"一致"地处理固支、铰支及弹性支撑等不同边界问题,为解决上述问题提供了一种新的途径[38-39].
本文基于Gauss-Lobattoe节点与Chebyshev多项式插值对柔性梁变形场进行离散,在此基础上考虑根部连接弹性,对平面内旋转柔性梁动力学特性进行研究,通过投影矩阵法施加固定及弹性连接边界条件,利用Chebyshev谱方法获得系统固有频率及模态振型的数值解,将仿真结果与有限元法、加权残余法等方法进行对比,验证方法的有效性;并对弹性连接刚度、角速度比率、系统径长比及梁的长细比等参数对系统固有频率及模态振型的影响进行分析.
1 旋转柔性梁动力学模型 1.1 系统动力学方程
考虑图 1所示平面内旋转柔性梁系统,中心刚体半径为
基于von-Kavman非线性应变理论,采用Euler-Bernoulli梁模型,平面内旋转柔性梁系统自由振动动力学方程可表示为[28, 40]
$\left. {\matrix{ {\rho A\left( {\ddot u - 2\Omega \dot v - {\Omega ^2}u - \dot \Omega v} \right) - EAu'' = } \cr {\rho A{\Omega ^2}\left( {R + x} \right)} \cr {\rho A\left( {\ddot v + 2\Omega \dot u + \dot \Omega u - {\Omega ^2}v} \right) - EA{{\left( {u'v'} \right)}^\prime } + EIv'''' = } \cr { - \rho A\dot \Omega \left( {R + x} \right)} \cr } } \right\}$ | (1) |
式中,
$ \left. \!\! u\left( {0,t} \right) = 0 ,v\left( {0,t} \right) = 0 ,\ {v}'\left( {0,t} \right) = 0 \\ {u}'\left( {L,t} \right) = 0 ,{v}"\left( {L,t} \right) = 0 ,\ {v}"'\left( {L,t} \right) = 0 \!\!\right\} $ | (2) |
对于弹性连接,有边界条件
$ \left. \!\! u\left( {0,t} \right) = 0 ,v\left( {0,t} \right) = 0 ,\ \left. {EI{v}" - k_{\rm c} {v}'} \right|_{x = 0} = 0 \\ {u}'\left( {L,t} \right) = 0 ,\ {v}"\left( {L,t} \right) = 0 ,\ {v}"'\left( {L,t} \right) = 0 \!\!\right\}$ | (3) |
考虑大范围匀速运动情况,此时
$ u = u_0 + \Delta u $ | (4) |
平衡状态变形量
$ u_0 = \dfrac{R\beta \cos \left[{\beta \left( {L - x} \right)} \right] + \sin \left( {\beta x} \right)}{\beta \cos \left( {\beta L} \right)} - \left( {R + x} \right) $ | (5) |
式中
$ \left. \begin{array}{l} \ddot {u} - 2\Omega \dot {v} - \Omega ^2u - \chi {u}" = 0 \\ \ddot {v} + 2\Omega \dot {u} - \Omega ^2v - \chi \left( {{u}"_0 {v}' + {u}'_0 {v}"} \right) + \tau {{v}"}" = 0 \end{array} \right\}$ | (6) |
式中
Chebyshev谱方法以Chebyshev多项式插值为基础的方法.本文采用第一类Chebyshev多项式,它是一类递归正交多项式,其第
$ T_k (x) = \cos (k\arccos x) ,\quad k = 1,2,3,\cdots$ | (7) |
且满足递推关系
$ T_k (x) = 2xT_{k - 1} (x) - T_{k - 2} (x)$ | (8) |
式中
$ y_N (x) = \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} a_k T_k (x)$ | (9) |
若采用 Gauss-Lobatto 节点
${ y} = { \Gamma }_{\rm B} { a}$ | (10) |
$ { \Gamma }_{\rm B} = \left[\!\! \begin{array}{cccc} {T_0 (x_0 )} & {T_1 (x_0 )} & \cdots & {T_{N - 1} (x_0 )} \\ {T_0 (x_1 )} & {T_1 (x_1 )} & \cdots & {T_{N - 1} (x_1 )} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ {T_0 (x_{N - 1} )} & {T_0 (x_{N - 1} )} & \cdots &{T_0 (x_{N - 1} )} \end{array}\!\! \right]$ | (11) |
并可得函数
$ {y}'_N (x) = \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} a_k {T}'_k (x) = \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} b_k T_k (x) $ | (12) |
多项式系数
$ { b} = { D a}$ | (13) |
式中
$ { y }^{(n)} = { \Gamma }_{\rm B} { D }^n{ \Gamma }_{\rm B}^{ - 1} { y } = { Q }_n { y }$ | (14) |
$ \int_{l_1 }^{l_2 } {y_N (x)} d x = \sum_{k = 0}^N {a_k } \int_{l_1 }^{l_2 } {T_k (x)} d x = { v }^{\rm T}{ a }_N$ | (15) |
式中
$ \int_{l_1 }^{l_2 } {f(x)g(x)d x = { f}^{\rm T}} { V g}$ | (16) |
$ \int_{l_1 }^{l_2 } {f\left( x \right)} g\left( x \right)h\left( x \right)d x = { f }^{\rm T}{ V }_h { g }$ | (17) |
式中
由Chebyshev多项式理论可知,在已知函数
采用Chebyshev多项式对变形场进行逼近,则变形量
$u\left( {x,t} \right) \approx \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{N - 1} {{a_{uk}}\left( t \right)} {T_k}\left( x \right)$ | (18) |
$ v\left( {x,t} \right) \approx \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} {a_{vk} \left( t \right)} T_k (x) $ | (19) |
由于采用有限项多项式逼近,将式(18)和式(19)代入式(6)后,等式右端并不为0,将存在残差,根据伽辽金方法,选择可用Chebyshev多项式表示的函数
${\matrix{ {\int_0^L {{\theta _u}\left( {\ddot u - 2\Omega \dot v - {\Omega ^2}u - \chi u''} \right)} dx = 0} \cr {\int_0^L {{\theta _v}\left[ {\ddot v + 2\Omega \dot u - {\Omega ^2}v - \chi \left( {{{u''}_0}v' + {{u'}_0}v''} \right) + \tau v''''} \right]dx} } \cr } }$ | (20) |
采用Gauss-Lobatto节点,节点值构成
$\left. {\matrix{ {\theta _u^{\rm{T}}V\left( {\ddot u - 2\Omega \dot v - {\Omega ^2}u - \chi {Q_2}u} \right) = {\bf{0}}} \cr {\theta _v^{\rm{T}}\left[ {V\left( {\ddot v + 2\Omega \dot u - {\Omega ^2}v + \tau {Q_4}v} \right) - } \right.} \cr {\left. {\chi \left( {{V_{\matrix{ {u''} \cr {_0} \cr } }}{Q_1}v + {V_{{{u'}_0}}}{Q_2}v} \right)} \right] = {\bf{0}}} \cr } } \right\}$ | (21) |
表示为矩阵形式为
$ { \theta }^{\rm T}\left( {{ M}\ddot{ q } + { G}\dot { q} + { K}{ q} } \right) = {\bf 0}$ | (22) |
式中
${ q } = \left\{ \!\! \begin{array}{c} { u } \\ { v } \end{array} \!\! \right\} , \quad { \theta } = \left[\!\! \begin{array}{c} {{ \theta }_u } \\ {{ \theta }_v } \end{array} \!\! \right]$ | (23) |
${ M } = \left[\!\! \begin{array}{cc} { V } & {\bf 0} \\ { 0 } & { V} \end{array} \!\! \right] , \quad { G } = \left[\!\! \begin{array}{cc} {\bf 0 } & { - 2\Omega { V }} \\ {2\Omega { V }} & {\bf 0} \end{array} \!\! \right]$ | (24) |
$\eqalign{ & K = \cr & \left[ {\matrix{ { - {\Omega ^2}V - \chi V{Q_2}} & {\bf{0}} \cr {\bf{0}} & { - {\Omega ^2}V + \tau V{Q_4} - \chi \left( {{V_{{{u''}_0}}}{Q_1} + {V_{{{u'}_0}}}{Q_2}} \right)} \cr } } \right] \cr} $ | (25) |
离散后,式(2)中刚性连接边界条件可表示为
${ B q } = { b}$ | (26) |
${ B } = \left[\!\! \begin{array}{cc} { e }_1 & {\bf 0} \\ {\bf 0 } & { e }_1 \\ {\bf 0 } & { e }_1 { Q }_1 \\ { e }_N { Q }_1 & {\bf 0 } \\ {\bf 0} & { e }_N { Q }_2 \\ {\bf 0} & { e }_N { Q }_3 \end{array} \!\! \right] , \quad { b } = \left[\!\! \begin{array}{c} { 0} \\ { 0} \\ { 0} \\ { 0} \\ { 0} \\ { 0} \end{array} \!\! \right]$ | (27) |
对于式(3) 中弹性边界条件,上式中
$ { B } = \left[\!\! \begin{array}{cc} { e }_1 & {\bf 0} \\ {\bf 0} & { e }_1 \\ {\bf 0} & EI{ e }_1 { Q }_2 - k_c { E }_1 { Q }_1 \\ { e }_N { Q }_1 & {\bf 0} \\ {\bf 0} & { e }_N { Q }_2 \\ {\bf 0} & { e }_N { Q }_3 \end{array} \!\! \right]$ | (28) |
上述两式中
$ { q} = { P}\tilde { q} + { R b}$ | (29) |
其中
$ { \theta } = { P}\tilde {\theta } + { R b}$ | (30) |
将式(29)和式 (30)代入式(22),并考虑到
$ \tilde{ \theta }^{\rm T}{ P }^{\rm T}\left( {{ M}{ P}\ddot {\tilde { q}} + { G P}\dot {\tilde { q}} + { K P}\tilde { q}} \right) = {\bf 0}$ | (31) |
由于试函数
$\tilde{ M}\ddot {\tilde { q}} + \tilde{ G}\dot {\tilde { q} } + \tilde { K}\tilde{ q} = {\bf 0}$ | (32) |
$ \tilde{ M} = { P }^{\rm T}{ M P } ,\quad \tilde{ G} = { P }^{\rm T}{ G P } ,\quad \tilde{ K } = { P }^{\rm T}{ K P }$ | (33) |
根据式(32)采用状态空间法可得到系统模态频率与振型,令
$ { z } = \left[ \tilde{ q }^{\rm T} \dot {\tilde { q} }^{\rm T} \right]^{\rm T}$ | (34) |
式(32)转换为状态方程
$ { C}\dot { z} + { D z} = {\bf 0}$ | (35) |
式中
$ { C} = \left[\!\! \begin{array}{cc} \tilde{ G} & \tilde{ M} \\ \tilde{ M} & {\bf 0} \end{array}\!\! \right] , \quad { D} = \left[\!\! \begin{array}{cc} \tilde{ K} & {\bf 0} \\ {\bf 0} & -\tilde{ M} \\ \end{array} \!\! \right]$ | (36) |
设方程的解为
$ \left( {s{ C} + { D} } \right){ Z} = {\bf 0}$ | (37) |
式中,
引入以下无量纲变量
$\eqalign{ & \cr & \left. {\matrix{ {\delta = {R \over L},\quad \alpha = \sqrt {{{A{L^2}} \over I}} ,\quad \gamma = \Omega {L^2}\sqrt {{{\rho A} \over {EI}}} } \cr {f = \omega {L^2}\sqrt {{{\rho A} \over {EI}}} ,\quad \kappa = {{{k_{\rm{c}}}L} \over {EI}}} \cr } } \right\} \cr} $ | (38) |
式中,
为验证Chebyshev谱方法的有效性,考虑刚性连接边界条件下
图 3为
图 4为
图 5为
图 6为
(1) Chebyshev谱方法应用于柔性旋转梁动力学分析结果与有限元及加权残余法结果基本一致,采用较少的多项式阶数即可获得与有限元方法相当的精度,采用投影矩阵方法可以方便地用同样形式处理固定及弹性边界条件.
(2) 出现频率转向与振型转换的原因是系统弯曲模态、拉伸模态随系统参数变化规律不一致,变化快的低价模态频率增大并超过原高阶模态频率.
(3) 系统弯曲模态频率随连接刚度呈阶梯状变化,拉伸模态频率不随连接刚度变化而变化,二者频率变化曲线交叉,出现频率转向与振型转换现象,为保证系统动力学特性稳定,连接刚度应大于关键刚度
(4) 系统弯曲模态频率随系统径长比增大而增大,拉伸模态频率不随径长比变化而变化,二者频率变化曲线交叉,出现频率转向与振型转换现象.
(5) 拉伸模态频率随梁的长细比的增大而增大,弯曲模态频率保持不变,二者频率变化曲线交叉,出现频率转向与振型转换现象.
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