2. 西安理工大学土木建筑工程学院, 西安 710048
岩体卸荷是岩体工程施工中不可避免的问题,岩体卸荷引起其破坏特征及其破坏机制与加载过程中有着显著的差异[1],许多学者开展了相关的试验与理论研究[2-39].Jaeger [2]提出有必要研究和讨论岩石的强度和加载路径间的关系;陈禺页等[3]开展了不同的加卸荷条件下岩石的实验研究,获得:岩石的强度与其应力路径间有一定的关系.昊玉山[4]通过对凝灰岩进行侧压恒定轴压加载和侧压卸荷轴压加载这种应力路径下的力学特性的试验研究,得到:采用与工程实际相一致的应力路径来确定岩石的力学特征是必要的.李天斌等[5]对玄武岩的变形破坏特征开展卸荷三轴压缩的试验研究.尤明庆等[6-7]对砂岩和大理岩这两种岩石分别进行了不同应力路径下强度特征和变形特征的实验研究.韩铁林等[8]开展了不同的加卸荷应力路径下岩样的实验研究.结果表明:不同的卸荷条件下,初始轴压与初始围压对其力学特征有十分显著的影响,但围压的卸荷速率对力学特性的影响却并不显著. 轴、侧向同卸荷这种卸荷路径下岩石力学特性等方面的研究却鲜见报道.因此,有必要进一步对轴、侧向同卸荷这种卸荷路径下岩石力学特征等开展试验和理论研究.
本文进行了轴、侧向同卸荷这种卸荷路径下砂岩力学特性的试验研究,并在试验的基础上,分析了这种卸荷路径对试样力学特性等方面的影响.
1 试验材料与方法 1.1 试验仪器及试样制备
利用 WDT-1500仪器对岩样的力学特征展开研究,轴压的范围为0
本实验以砂岩为研究对象,严格按照规范要求将砂岩试件加工成径高比为1:2的圆柱体试样,直径为5 cm.砂岩试样平均密度2.54 g/cm
先加载围压,再轴向加载直至达到表 1中的值后,按照表 1中的实验方案,同时卸除轴压和围压,直至岩石发生失稳破坏.
主要研究:(1) 30 MPa的初始围压下,初始轴压(140 MPa,150 MPa和160 MPa)的影响;(2)65 MPa的初始轴压下,初始围压(12 MPa ,15 MPa和20 MPa)的影响;(3)12 MPa的初始围压和65 MPa的初始轴压下,围压卸荷速率(0.5,0.8,1.0 MPa s-1)的影响.试验方案详见表 1.
2 试验结果分析 2.1 变形特性
图 1为轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩
初始轴压的影响:由图 1(a)可知,不同初始轴压下砂岩试样
初始围压的影响:由图 1(b)可知,初始轴压和围压卸荷速率相同时,试样的
围压卸荷速率的影响:由图 1(c)可知,围压的卸荷速率对砂岩试样变形特性的影响不明显,这可能与本实验所选的围压卸荷速率的范围有关.
图 2为轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩的
图 3为轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩试样的
初始轴压的影响:由图 3(a)可知,不同的初始轴压下,岩样的
初始围压的影响:由图 3(b)可知,在卸荷初期,试样的
围压卸荷速率的影响:由图 3(c)可知,相同的初始轴压和初始围压下,本实验范围内的围压卸荷速率对试样
与文献[8]中的实验结果对比可知,在轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩的变形特征与定围升轴(常规三轴试验)、定轴卸围和卸围升轴下的相比存在差异:在轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩的
图 4为轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩
将
通过对表 2和文献[8]比较得出,轴、侧向同卸下试样的破坏强度均小于常规三轴试验(定围升轴)下的.
从图 5中可以看出:岩样破坏时的强度与初始的围压、轴压和围压卸荷速率间的关系比较显著:
岩样破坏时的强度随初始的围压或初始的轴压或围压的卸荷速率的增加而逐渐增大,与文献 [2-8]的研究结果相一致.
2.3 破坏机制分析不同加卸荷下,岩体的破坏特征有所差异.从宏观的角度出发,常规三轴实验条件下岩石以剪切破坏为主,而在轴、侧向同卸荷下呈现出以张裂为主的张剪破坏.
图 6为轴、侧向同卸荷下岩样的破坏特征,由图可知,轴、侧向同卸荷下,岩样的破坏特征以张裂为主的张剪混合形式. 与文献[8]中定围升轴(常规三轴压缩试验)、卸围升轴以及定轴卸围相比,其张性破坏更加明显. 卸围升轴条件下,岩石的破坏时呈现较少的张拉裂纹,破坏形式为以剪切为主的张剪混合破坏模式;定轴卸围,轴、侧向同卸荷下,试样的张拉裂纹明显增多,破坏模式为以张裂为主的张剪混合破坏,而轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩破坏的张拉特征更加明显.
(1) 轴、侧向同时卸荷条件下,初始围压和初始轴压对岩样力学特征的影响相对于围压卸荷速率较大,围压卸荷速率对岩样的影响并不明显,这与实验所选择的围压卸荷速率有关.
(2) 轴、侧向同卸荷这种卸荷路径下,砂岩试样破坏时并没有不出现应力峰值,而只是在破坏点出现明显的应力跌落,为了定义试样的破坏强度,本文将
(3) 轴、侧向同卸下岩样的破坏强度相对于常规三轴试验下的有所降低,轴、侧向同卸荷下,岩样破坏时的强度随着初始围压、初始轴压及围压卸荷速率的增大而增大.初始轴压和初始围压对试样有十分显著的影响,但围压的卸荷速率却并不显著,其中初始轴压的影响最大.
(4) 常规三轴压缩试验下,岩样的破坏特征由张拉坡坏(无围压)向张剪破坏(较低围压)转变,再向剪切破坏(高围压下)转变. 而轴、侧向同时斜荷试样则呈现出以张-拉为主的混合张剪破坏.
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2. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China