0 引言
约束力学系统动力学是力学的一个重要分支. 1894年赫兹首次把约束分为两类,即完整约束和非完整约束[1],非完整约束又分为切塔耶夫型和非切塔耶夫型,从而建立了非完整系统动力学. 随着科技的发展,对非完整系统动力学尤其是对切塔耶夫型非完整系统动力学的研究成了一个广泛关注的课题,研究内容涉及经典力学[2, 3],场论[4],相对论力学[5, 6, 7],航天器姿态动力学[8],机器人控制理论[9],机械工程[10],对称性、守恒量和对称性摄动[11, 12]以及不变流形[13]等.
著名数学家斯梅尔等人在其专著的"全局非线性技术"这一章节中研究了两类系统,梯度系统和哈密尔顿系统[14].这两类系统是微分方程和动力系统中的重要研究对象. 梯度系统是一个数学系统,它对研究系统的积分及解的稳定性很方便.如果梯度系统的势函数$V$能够成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么就可以研究系统的稳定性. 同时,利用梯度系统的特性,不用李雅普诺夫函数,也可得到有关稳定性的一些结论. 如果能找到梯度系统和约束力学系统的关联,研究约束力学系统的梯度表示,即约束力学系统在什么条件下可以成为梯度系统,从而可以将约束力学系统转化成为梯度系统,那么就可借助梯度系统来研究力学系统的积分和解的稳定性,避免了直接利用微分方程构造李雅普诺夫函数的困难. 通过这部分研究,可以在数学与力学的联系上找到一条研究约束力学系统运动稳定性的新途径.
通常梯度系统中的函数是不包含时间的[14, 15]. 如果函数包含时间,则称为广义梯度系统. 基于文献[16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23],将广义梯度系统分成10类,其中4类是基本的,6类是组合的. 有关李雅普诺夫稳定性研究已取得重要进展,如文献[24, 25, 26, 27, 28].然而,对非定常系统仍有较大困难. 如果一个非定常力学系统能够成为广义梯度系统,而其中的函数可以成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么就可通过广义梯度系统来研究非定常力学系统的稳定性. 本文首先提出10类广义梯度系统,研究切塔耶夫型非完整系统成为梯度系统的条件. 然后将切塔耶夫型非完整系统在一定条件下化成各类广义梯度系统,并利用广义梯度系统的性质来研究这类力学系统的稳定性.
1 广义梯度系统
1.1 广义梯度系统Ⅰ
微分方程为
\[{{\dot{x}}_{i}}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}},i=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(1) |
其中,$V = V\left( {t,{ x}} \right)$,称为广义梯度系统Ⅰ,按方程(1)求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}\]
|
(2) |
其中右端第2项小于0. 如果$V$成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\dot {V}$的符号来判断稳定性.
1.2 广义梯度系统Ⅱ
微分方程为
\[{{\dot{x}}_{i}}={{b}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}},i,j=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(3) |
其中,$b_{ij} ({ x}) =-b_{ji} ({ x})$,$V = V\left({t,{ x}} \right)$,称为广义梯度系统Ⅱ. 按方程(3)求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}{{b}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}\]
|
(4) |
如果$V$成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}$的符号来判断系统解的稳定性.
1.3 广义梯度系统Ⅲ
微分方程为
\[{{\dot{x}}_{i}}={{S}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}},i,j=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(5) |
其中,$S_{ij} = S_{ij} \left( { x} \right)$,对应的矩阵是对称负定的,而$V = V\left( {t,{ x}} \right)$,称为广义梯度系统Ⅲ. 按方程(5)求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}{{S}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}\]
|
(6) |
其中右端第2项小于0. 如果$V$可成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\dot{V}$来判断解的稳定性.
1.4 广义梯度系统Ⅳ
微分方程为
\[{{\dot{x}}_{i}}={{a}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}},i,j=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(7) |
其中,$a_{ij} = a_{ij} ({ x})$,对应的矩阵是半负定的,而$V =V(t,{ x})$. 按方程(7)求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}{{a}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}\]
|
(8) |
其中右端第2项小于或等于0. 如果$V$可成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\dot{V}$来判断解的稳定性.
1.5 广义梯度系统 Ⅴ
微分方程的形式
\[{{\dot{x}}_{i}}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}+{{b}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}},\quad i,j=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(9) |
按方程求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}\]
|
(10) |
其中,右端第2项小于0. 如果$V$可成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\dot{V}$来判断解的稳定性.
1.6 广义梯度系统Ⅵ
微分方程有形式
\[{{\dot{x}}_{i}}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}+{{S}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}},\quad i,j=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(11) |
按方程求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}{{S}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}\]
|
(12) |
其中右端第2、第3项小于0. 如果$V$可成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\dot{V}$来判断解的稳定性.
1.7 广义梯度系统Ⅶ
微分方程有形式
\[{{\dot{x}}_{i}}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}+{{a}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}},\quad i,j=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(13) |
按方程求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}{{a}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}\]
|
(14) |
其中右端第2、第3项小于0. 如果$V$可成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\dot{V}$来判断解的稳定性.
1.8 广义梯度系统 Ⅷ
微分方程有形式
\[\dot{x}={{b}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}+{{S}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}},i,j=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(15) |
按方程求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}{{S}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}\]
|
(16) |
其中右端第2项小于0. 如果$V$可成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\dot{V}$来判断解的稳定性.
1.9 广义梯度系统Ⅸ
微分方程有形式
\[{{\dot{x}}_{i}}={{b}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}+{{a}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}},i,j=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(17) |
按方程求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}{{a}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}\]
|
(18) |
其中右端第2项小于或等于0. 如果$V$可成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\dot{V}$来判断解的稳定性.
1.10 广义梯度系统Ⅹ
微分方程有形式
\[{{\dot{x}}_{i}}={{a}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}+{{S}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}},i,j=1,2,\cdots ,m\]
|
(19) |
按方程求$\dot {V}$,得
\[\dot{V}=\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}{{a}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{i}}}{{S}_{ij}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{x}_{j}}}\]
|
(20) |
其中右端第2、第3项小于0. 如果$V$可成为李雅普诺夫函数,那么可由$\dot{V}$来判断解的稳定性.
2 切塔耶夫型非完整系统的广义梯度表示
假设力学系统的位形由$n$个广义坐标$q_s (s = 1,2,\cdots ,n)$来确定,它的运动受有$g$个双面理想切塔耶夫型非完整约束
\[{{f}_{\beta }}\left( t,q,\dot{q} \right)=0,\quad \beta =1,2,\cdots ,g\]
|
(21) |
系统的运动微分方程为
\[\left. \begin{matrix}
\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial {{{\dot{q}}}_{s}}}-\frac{\partial L}{\partial {{q}_{s}}}={{Q}_{s}}+{{\lambda }_{\beta }}\frac{\partial {{f}_{\beta }}}{\partial {{{\dot{q}}}_{s}}} \\
s=1,2,\cdots ,n;\beta =1,2,\cdots ,g \\
\end{matrix} \right\}\]
|
(22) |
其中,$L = L\left( {t,{ q},\dot{ q} } \right)$为系统的拉格朗日函数,$Q_s = Q_s \left( {t,{ q},\dot { q} } \right)$为非势广义力,$\lambda _\beta $为约束乘子. 设系统非奇异,即设
\[\det \left( \frac{{{\partial }^{2}}L}{\partial {{{\dot{q}}}_{s}}\partial {{{\dot{q}}}_{k}}} \right)\ne 0\]
|
(23) |
则在运动微分方程积分之前,可求得约束乘子$\lambda _\beta $为$t,{ q },\dot { q} $的函数,
于是方程(22)可写成形式
\[\begin{align}
& \\
& \left. \begin{matrix}
\frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial {{{\dot{q}}}_{s}}}-\frac{\partial L}{\partial {{q}_{s}}}={{Q}_{s}}+{{\Lambda }_{s}} \\
s=1,2,\cdots ,n \\
\end{matrix} \right\} \\
\end{align}\]
|
(24) |
其中
\[{{\Lambda }_{s}}=\text{ }{{\Lambda }_{s}}(t,q,\dot{q})={{\lambda }_{\beta }}\left( t,q,\dot{q} \right)\frac{\partial {{f}_{\beta }}}{\partial {{{\dot{q}}}_{s}}}\]
|
(25) |
为广义非完整约束力,已表示为$t,{ q},\dot{ q }$的函数.当$Q_s + \varLambda _s $有广义势,即满足自伴随条件时,方程(24)为与非完整系统(21)、(22)相应的完整系统的方程. 如果运动初始条件满足约束方程(21),那么相应完整系统的解就给出非完整系统的运动[29, 30]. 因此,只需研究方程(24).
在假设(23)下,可由方程(24)求出所有广义加速度,记作
\[{{\ddot{q}}_{s}}={{\alpha }_{s}}\left( t,q,\dot{q} \right),s=1,2,\cdots ,n\]
|
(26) |
令
\[{{a}^{s}}={{q}_{s}},{{a}^{n+s}}={{\dot{q}}_{s}}\]
|
(27) |
则方程(26)可写成一阶形式
\[{{\dot{a}}^{\mu }}={{F}_{\mu }}\left( t,a \right),\mu =1,2,\cdots ,2n\]
|
(28) |
其中
\[{{F}_{s}}={{a}^{n+s}},\quad {{F}_{n+s}}={{\alpha }_{s}}\left( t,a \right)\]
|
(29) |
引进广义动量$p_s $和哈密尔顿函数$H$
\[{{p}_{s}}=\frac{\partial L}{\partial {{{\dot{q}}}_{s}}},\quad H={{p}_{s}}{{\dot{q}}_{s}}-L\]
|
(30) |
则方程(24)写成如下一阶形式
\[{{\dot{a}}^{\mu }}={{\omega }^{\mu v}}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{\nu }}}+{{P}_{\mu }},\mu ,v=1,2,\cdots ,2n\]
|
(31) |
其中
\[\left. \begin{align}
& {{a}^{s}}={{q}_{s}} \\
& {{a}^{n+s}}={{p}_{s}} \\
& H=H\left( t,a \right) \\
& {{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}=\left[ \begin{matrix}
{{\mathbf{0}}_{n\times n}} & {{\mathbf{1}}_{n\times n}} \\
-{{\mathbf{1}}_{n\times n}} & {{\mathbf{0}}_{n\times n}} \\
\end{matrix} \right] \\
& {{P}_{s}}=0{{P}_{n+s}}={{{\tilde{Q}}}_{s}}+{{{\tilde{\Lambda }}}_{s}} \\
\end{align} \right\}\]
|
(32) |
方程(28)或方程(31)一般都不是广义梯度系统的方程.
对方程(28),如果存在矩阵$ b_{\mu \nu },S_{\mu \nu },a_{\mu \nu } $和函数$V = V(t,{ a})$满足以下各式
\[{{F}_{\mu }}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\mu }}}\]
|
(33) |
\[{{F}_{\mu }}={{b}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(34) |
\[{{F}_{\mu }}={{S}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(35) |
\[{{F}_{\mu }}={{a}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(36) |
\[{{F}_{\mu }}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\mu }}}+{{b}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(37) |
\[{{F}_{\mu }}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\mu }}}+{{S}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(38) |
\[{{F}_{\mu }}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\mu }}}+{{a}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(39) |
\[{{F}_{\mu }}={{b}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{S}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(40) |
\[{{F}_{\mu }}={{b}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{a}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(41) |
\[{{F}_{\mu }}={{a}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{S}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(42) |
则它可分别成为广义梯度系统Ⅰ至广义梯度系统Ⅹ.
对方程(31),如果存在矩阵$ b_{\mu \nu },S_{\mu \nu } ,a_{\mu \nu } $和函数$V = V(t,{ a})$满足以下各式
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\mu }}}\]
|
(43) |
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}={{b}_{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\nu }}}\]
|
(44) |
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}={{S}_{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\nu }}}\]
|
(45) |
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}={{a}_{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\nu }}}\]
|
(46) |
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\mu }}}+{{b}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(47) |
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\mu }}}+{{S}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(48) |
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\mu }}}+{{a}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(49) |
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}={{b}_{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\nu }}}+{{S}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(50) |
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}={{b}_{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\nu }}}+{{a}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(51) |
\[{{\omega }^{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}+{{P}_{\mu }}={{a}_{\mu \nu }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{\nu }}}+{{S}_{\mu v}}\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{v}}}\]
|
(52) |
则它可分别成为广义梯度系统Ⅰ至广义梯度系统Ⅹ.
值得注意的是,如果以上各式不满足,还不能断定它不是广义梯度系统,因为这与方程的一阶形式选取相关.
切塔耶夫型非完整系统化成广义梯度系统后,便可利用广义梯度系统的性质来研究这类系统的解的稳定性.
3 应用举例
例1 切塔耶夫型非完整系统为
\[\left. \begin{align}
& L=\frac{1}{2}(\dot{q}_{1}^{2}+\dot{q}_{2}^{2}) \\
& {{Q}_{1}}=-5[{{q}_{1}}{{\text{e}}^{t}}+{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}(2+{{\text{e}}^{t}})] \\
& {{Q}_{2}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}} \\
& f=2{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}+{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}}+{{q}_{2}}=0 \\
\end{align} \right\}\]
|
(53) |
试将其化成广义梯度系统.
解:方程(22)给出
\[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}}
{{{\ddot{q}}}_{1}}=-5\left[ {{q}_{1}}{{\text{e}}^{t}}+{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 2+{{\text{e}}^{t}} \right) \right]+2\lambda \\
{{{\ddot{q}}}_{2}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}}+\lambda \\
\end{array}\]
解得
\[\lambda =2\left[ {{q}_{1}}{{\text{e}}^{t}}+{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 2+{{\text{e}}^{t}} \right) \right]\]
代入方程,得
\[\begin{align}
& {{{\ddot{q}}}_{1}}=-{{q}_{1}}{{\text{e}}^{t}}-{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 2+{{\text{e}}^{t}} \right) \\
& {{{\ddot{q}}}_{2}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}}+2\left[ {{q}_{1}}{{\text{e}}^{t}}+{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 2+{{\text{e}}^{t}} \right) \right] \\
\end{align}\]
研究第一个方程的梯度表示. 令
\[{{a}^{1}}={{q}_{1}},\quad {{a}^{2}}=\dot{q}+q\left( 1+{{\text{e}}^{t}} \right)\]
则方程为
\[{{\dot{a}}^{1}}={{a}^{2}}-{{a}^{1}}\left( 1+{{\text{e}}^{t}} \right),\quad {{\dot{a}}^{2}}={{a}^{1}}-{{a}^{2}}\]
它可写成形式
\[\left[ \begin{matrix}
{{{\dot{a}}}^{1}} \\
{{{\dot{a}}}^{2}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]=\left[ \begin{matrix}
-1 & 0 \\
0 & -1 \\
\end{matrix} \right]\left[ \begin{matrix}
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{1}}} \\
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{2}}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]\]
其中
\[V=\frac{1}{2}{{\left( {{a}^{1}} \right)}^{2}}\left( 1+{{\text{e}}^{t}} \right)+\frac{1}{2}{{\left( {{a}^{2}} \right)}^{2}}-{{a}^{1}}{{a}^{2}}\]
这是一个广义梯度系统Ⅰ. $V$在$a^1 = a^2 = 0$的邻域内正定,$\dot {V}$负定,
因此,零解$a^1 = a^2 = 0$稳定.
例2 非完整系统为
\[\begin{align}
& L=\frac{1}{2}\left( \dot{q}_{1}^{2}+\dot{q}_{2}^{2} \right) \\
& {{Q}_{1}}=-8{{q}_{1}}\left[ 1+{{\text{e}}^{-t}} \right]-2{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}{{\text{e}}^{-t}} \\
& {{Q}_{2}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}} \\
& f={{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}+{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}}+{{q}_{2}}=0 \\
\end{align}\]
|
(54) |
试将其化成广义梯度系统.
解:相应完整系统的方程为
\[\begin{align}
& {{{\ddot{q}}}_{1}}=-4{{q}_{1}}\left( 1+{{\text{e}}^{-t}} \right)-{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\frac{{{\text{e}}^{-t}}}{1+{{\text{e}}^{-t}}} \\
& {{{\ddot{q}}}_{2}}=4{{q}_{1}}\left( 1+{{\text{e}}^{-t}} \right)+{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\frac{{{\text{e}}^{-t}}}{1+{{\text{e}}^{-t}}}-{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}} \\
\end{align}\]
令
\[{{a}^{1}}={{q}_{1}},\quad {{a}^{2}}=\frac{{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}}{2\left( 1+{{\text{e}}^{-t}} \right)}\]
则第一个方程有形式
\[{{\dot{a}}^{1}}=2{{a}^{2}}\left( 1+{{\text{e}}^{-t}} \right),\quad {{a}^{2}}=-2{{a}^{1}}\]
即
\[\left[ \begin{matrix}
{{{\dot{a}}}^{1}} \\
{{{\dot{a}}}_{2}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]=\left[ \begin{matrix}
0 & 1 \\
-1 & 0 \\
\end{matrix} \right]\left[ \begin{matrix}
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{1}}} \\
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{2}}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]\]
其中
\[V={{\left( {{a}^{1}} \right)}^{2}}+{{\left( {{a}^{2}} \right)}^{2}}\left( 1+{{\text{e}}^{-t}} \right)\]
这是一个梯度系统Ⅱ. $V$正定,而$\dot {V}$为
\[\dot{V}=-{{\left( {{a}^{2}} \right)}^{2}}{{\text{e}}^{-t}}<0\]
因此,零解$a^1 = a^2 = 0$是稳定的.
例3 非完整系统为
\[\left. \begin{array}{*{35}{l}}
L=\frac{1}{2}(\dot{q}_{1}^{2}+\dot{q}_{2}^{2}) \\
{{Q}_{1}}=-4{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 7+2\sin t \right)- \\
8{{q}_{1}}\left( 10+5\sin t+\cos t \right) \\
{{Q}_{2}}=-{{q}_{1}}{{q}_{2}}-t{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}{{q}_{2}}-t{{q}_{1}}{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}} \\
f={{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}+{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}}+t{{q}_{1}}{{q}_{2}}=0 \\
\end{array} \right\}\]
|
(55) |
试将其化成广义梯度系统.
解:可找到相应完整系统的方程为
\[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}}
{{{\ddot{q}}}_{1}}=-2{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 7+2\sin t \right)- \\
4{{q}_{1}}\left( 10+5\sin t+\cos t \right) \\
{{{\ddot{q}}}_{2}}=-{{q}_{1}}{{q}_{2}}-t{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}{{q}_{2}}-t{{q}_{1}}{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}}+ \\
2{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 7+2\sin t \right)+ \\
4{{q}_{1}}\left( 10+5\sin t+\cos t \right) \\
\end{array}\]
令
\[{{a}^{1}}={{q}_{1}},\quad {{a}^{2}}=\frac{1}{2}\left[ {{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}+4{{q}_{1}}\left( 2+\sin t \right) \right]\]
则第一个方程成为
\[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}}
{{{\dot{a}}}^{1}}=2{{a}^{2}}-4{{a}^{1}}(2+\sin t) \\
{{{\dot{a}}}^{2}}=2{{a}^{1}}\left( 2+\sin t \right)-6{{a}^{2}} \\
\end{array}\]
它可写成如下形式
\[\left[ \begin{matrix}
{{{\dot{a}}}^{1}} \\
{{{\dot{a}}}^{2}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]=\left( \left[ \begin{matrix}
-1 & 0 \\
0 & -1 \\
\end{matrix} \right]+\left[ \begin{matrix}
-1 & 1 \\
1 & -2 \\
\end{matrix} \right] \right)\left[ \begin{matrix}
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{1}}} \\
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{2}}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]\]
其中矩阵为通常的和对称负定的组合而成,是负定的,而函数$V$为
\[V={{\left( {{a}^{1}} \right)}^{2}}\left( 2+\sin t \right)+{{\left( {{a}^{2}} \right)}^{2}}\]
这是一个广义梯度系统Ⅵ. $V$在$a^1 = a^2 = 0$邻域内正定且有无穷小上界,$\dot{V}$负定,因此,零解$a^1 = a^2 = 0$渐近稳定.
例4 非完整系统为
\[\left. \begin{array}{*{35}{l}}
L=\frac{1}{2}\left( \dot{q}_{1}^{2}+\dot{q}_{2}^{2}+\dot{q}_{3}^{2} \right) \\
{{Q}_{1}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}} \\
{{Q}_{2}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}} \\
{{Q}_{3}}=-\frac{4{{q}_{3}}}{2+\cos t}\left( 3-\sin t \right)- \\
{{{\dot{q}}}_{3}}\left( \frac{12+4\cos t-\sin t}{2+\cos t} \right) \\
f={{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}+{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}}{{q}_{3}}=0 \\
\end{array} \right\}\]
|
(56) |
试将其化成广义梯度系统.
解:方程(22)给出
\[\begin{align}
& {{{\ddot{q}}}_{1}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}+\lambda \\
& {{{\ddot{q}}}_{2}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}}+\lambda {{q}_{3}} \\
& {{{\ddot{q}}}_{3}}=-\frac{4{{q}_{3}}}{2+\cos t}\left( 3-\sin t \right)- \\
& {{{\dot{q}}}_{3}}\frac{12+4\cos t-\sin t}{2+\cos t} \\
\end{align}\]
令
\[{{\dot{a}}^{1}}=\frac{1}{2}\left( {{{\dot{q}}}_{3}}+4{{q}_{3}} \right)\left( 2+\cos t \right),\quad {{a}^{2}}={{q}_{3}}\]
则第3个方程成为
\[\begin{align}
& {{{\dot{a}}}^{1}}=2{{a}^{2}}-\frac{2{{a}^{1}}}{2+\cos t} \\
& {{{\dot{a}}}^{2}}=\frac{2{{a}^{1}}}{2+\cos t}-4{{a}^{2}} \\
\end{align}\]
它可写成如下形式
\[\left[ \begin{matrix}
{{{\dot{a}}}_{1}} \\
{{{\dot{a}}}_{2}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]=\left( \left[ \begin{matrix}
-1 & 0 \\
0 & -1 \\
\end{matrix} \right]+\left[ \begin{matrix}
-1 & 1 \\
1 & -1 \\
\end{matrix} \right] \right)\left[ \begin{matrix}
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{1}}} \\
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{2}}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]\]
其中矩阵为通常的和半负定的组合而成,是对称负定的,而函数$V$为
\[V=\frac{{{({{a}^{1}})}^{2}}}{2+\cos t}+{{({{a}^{2}})}^{2}}\]
这是一个广义梯度系统Ⅶ. $V$在$a^1 = a^2 = 0$邻域内是正定的,且有无穷小上界,因此,零解$a^1 = a^2 =0$是渐近稳定的.
例5 非完整系统为
\[\left. \begin{array}{*{35}{l}}
L=\frac{1}{2}\left( \dot{q}_{1}^{2}+\dot{q}_{2}^{2} \right) \\
f={{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}+{{{\dot{q}}}_{2}}+{{q}_{1}}=0 \\
{{Q}_{1}}=-4{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 7-2\sin t \right)- \\
8{{q}_{1}}\left( 10-5\sin t-\cos t \right) \\
{{Q}_{2}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}} \\
\end{array} \right\}\]
|
(57) |
试将其化成广义梯度系统.
解:方程(22)给出
\[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}}
{{{\ddot{q}}}_{1}}=-4{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 7-2\sin t \right)- \\
8{{q}_{1}}\left( 10-5\sin t-\cos t \right)+\lambda \\
{{{\ddot{q}}}_{2}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}+\lambda \\
\end{array}\]
解得
\[\lambda =2{{\dot{q}}_{1}}\left( 7-2\sin t \right)+4{{q}_{1}}\left( 10-5\sin t-\cos t \right)\]
代入得相应完整系统的方程
\[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}}
{{{\ddot{q}}}_{1}}=-2{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 7-2\sin t \right)- \\
4{{q}_{1}}\left( 10-5\sin t-\cos t \right) \\
{{{\ddot{q}}}_{2}}=-{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}+2{{{\dot{q}}}_{1}}\left( 7-2\sin t \right)+ \\
4{{q}_{1}}\left( 10-5\sin t-\cos t \right) \\
\end{array}\]
令
\[{{a}^{1}}={{q}_{1}},\quad {{a}^{2}}=\frac{1}{2}[{{\dot{q}}_{1}}+4{{q}_{1}}\left( 2-\sin t \right)]\]
则第一个方程为
\[\begin{array}{*{35}{l}}
{{{\dot{a}}}^{1}}=-4{{a}^{1}}\left( 2-\sin t \right)+2{{a}^{2}} \\
{{{\dot{a}}}^{2}}=2{{a}^{1}}\left( 2-\sin t \right)-6{{a}^{2}} \\
\end{array}\]
它可写成如下形式
\[\left[ \begin{matrix}
{{{\dot{a}}}^{1}} \\
{{{\dot{a}}}^{2}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]=\left( \left[ \begin{matrix}
-1 & 1 \\
1 & -1 \\
\end{matrix} \right]+\left[ \begin{matrix}
-1 & 0 \\
0 & -2 \\
\end{matrix} \right] \right)\left[ \begin{matrix}
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{1}}} \\
\frac{\partial V}{\partial {{a}^{2}}} \\
\end{matrix} \right]\]
其中矩阵是由半负定的和对称负定的组合而成,而函数$V$为
\[V={{\left( {{a}^{1}} \right)}^{2}}\left( 2-\sin t \right)+{{\left( {{a}^{2}} \right)}^{2}}\]
它在$a^1 = a^2 = 0$的邻域内是正定的,而$\dot {V}$负定. 因此,零解$a^1 = a^2= 0$是渐近稳定的.
4 结论
非定常力学系统的稳定性研究是重要而又困难的问题,特别是对非定常非完整力学系统尤为困难. 直接从微分方程出发来构造李雅普诺夫函数往往很难实现. 本文提出的是一种间接方法,将与非完整系统相应的完整系统的方程在一定条件下化成广义梯度系统的方程,再通过广义梯度系统来构造李雅普诺夫函数,而得到系统稳定性的结论.这种方法在直接构造李雅普诺夫函数发生困难时,显得更为有效.
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GENERALIZED GRADIENT REPRESENTATION OF NONHOLONOMIC SYSTEM OF CHETAEV'S TYPE
Chen Xiangwei, Cao Qiupeng, Mei Fengxiang
1. Department of Physics and Information Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China;
2. School of Mathematics and Physics, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China;
3. School of Aerospace, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract: It is an important and di cult problem to study the stability of the non-steady and nonholonomic mechanical systems, and it is di cult to construct the Lyapunov function directly from the di erential equation. This paper gives an indirect method. The ten kinds of generalized gradient systems are proposed and the di erential equations of the ten kinds of generalized gradient systems are given respectively. Furthermore, the generalized gradient representations of a nonholonomic system of Chetaev's type are studied. The condition under which a nonholonomic system can be considered as a generalized gradient system is obtained, so the nonholonomic system of Chetaev's type is transformed into each generalized gradient systems. The characteristic of the generalized gradient systems can be used to study the stability of the nonholonomic system. This method appears to be more e ective when it is di cult to construct the Lyapunov function directly. Some examples are given to illustrate the application of the result.
Key words:
nonholonomic system generalized gradient system stability