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  力学学报  2016, Vol. 48 Issue (3): 654-659  DOI: 10.6052/0459-1879-15-445
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栏目名称

固体力学

引用本文 [复制中英文]

许泽建, 丁晓燕, 张炜琪, 黄风雷. 一种用于材料高应变率剪切性能测试的新型加载技术[J]. 力学学报, 2016, 48(3): 654-659. DOI: 10.6052/0459-1879-15-445.
[复制中文]
Xu Zejian, Ding Xiaoyan, Zhang Weiqi, Huang Fenglei. A NEW LOADING TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SHEARING PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS UNDER HIGH STRAIN RATES[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2016, 48(3): 654-659. DOI: 10.6052/0459-1879-15-445.
[复制英文]

基金项目

国家自然科学基金(11302030)和北京市高校"青年英才计划"资助项目.

作者简介

许泽建,副教授,主要研究方向:爆炸与冲击动力学.E-mail:xuzejian@bit.edu.cn

文章历史

2015-12-11 收稿
2016-01-27 录用
2016-01-12 网络发表.
一种用于材料高应变率剪切性能测试的新型加载技术
许泽建, 丁晓燕, 张炜琪, 黄风雷    
北京理工大学爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室, 北京 100081
摘要:高应变率下的冲击剪切实验技术是材料动态力学行为及其微观机理研究的重要基础.采用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar)装置一般可以获得材料在104s-1以内应变率的动态力学性能.在超过104s-1的应变率下对材料进行冲击剪切测试时,通常需要采用高速压剪飞片技术或由气炮发射子弹对试样进行直接加载.本文提出一种可用于传统霍普金森压杆技术的新型双剪切试样,可以在103~105s-1剪应变率范围实现对材料剪切性能的精确测量;同时,可以对材料的变形及失效过程进行直接观测.试样与压杆之间避免了复杂的界面或连接装置,通过转接头可以保证试样与压杆直接接触,提高测试精度,同时可以防止因试样的横向位移而导致的非均匀变形.获得了紫铜在1400~75000s-1应变率下的剪应力-剪应变曲线,并采用计算软件"ABAQUS/Explicit"对双剪切试样的动态加载过程进行了数值模拟和结果验证.分析表明,剪切区的主要区域内剪切成分占主导地位,其应力应变场沿厚度及宽度方向基本呈均匀分布.实验得到的剪应力-剪应变曲线与模拟结果吻合较好,说明所提出的基于分离式霍普金森压杆系统的双剪切试样可以为材料的高应变率力学性能测试提供一种方便有效的加载技术.
关键词双剪切试样    分离式霍普金森压杆    动态剪切    高应变率    冲击加载    
引言

冲击剪切实验是研究材料在高应变率、大变形条件下的塑性力学行为及建立材料本构关系的重要研究方法和测试手段。目前,应变率在104s-1以内的冲击剪切实验主要通过霍普金森杆技术来实现。除扭杆外,研究人员通常还采用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressurebar)装置[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]对特殊形状的试样进行加载[6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14],将压缩载荷转化为材料内的剪切变形,其中以帽形试样[13]和双剪切试样[14]较为常用。现有研究表明[15],帽形试样剪切区的应力应变场较难实现均匀分布,不易于实验的准确测量,而且其结构特征导致实验时不能对剪切区进行直接观测;采用分离式霍普金森压杆技术对双剪切试样进行加载时,通常需要对压杆系统进行改进[14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22],给测试带来了诸多不便。在更高的应变率下,一般采用高速压剪飞片技术[23]或由气炮发射子弹对试样直接进行加载[18],但以上方法对实验设备要求较高,且技术复杂,因而难以被普遍采用。

鉴于此,本文提出一种可用于传统霍普金森压杆技术的新型双剪切试样,能够在103~105s-1剪应变率范围内方便、准确地获得材料的冲击剪切性能。结合单脉冲加载技术[24],可以避免应力波对试样的重复加载,便于对材料微观组织演化的观察研究。

1 冲击剪切实验 1.1 试样设计

本文所设计的新型双剪切试样具有1个加载端和2个支撑端,之间是两处相同的矩形剪切区域,几何外形呈"品"型,见图1。通过改变剪切区尺寸可以使材料内产生不同的应力应变状态和变形速度。配合霍普金森压杆设计了圆形接头以限制试样支撑端的横向位移,并使试样与压杆直接接触,确保实验信号的准确性。实验时,可以采用高速摄影装置对剪 切区的变形和失效过程进行直接拍摄。

图1 新型双剪切试样示意图 Fig.1 Schematic diagrams of the new double-shear specimen
1.2 试验方法

采用传统的分离式霍普金森压杆技术对紫铜等材料进行了冲击剪切测试.撞击杆和入射杆材料均为18Ni钢,透射杆材料采用7075铝合金,以提高透射脉冲信号幅值。

根据一维应力波理论,可以由压杆中的应变信号得到压杆和试样界面处的力和位移,分别为

$\left. {\matrix{ {{F_{{\rm{input}}}} = {A_{{\rm{bar}}}}{E_1}\left( {{\varepsilon _i}(t) + {\varepsilon _r}(t)} \right)} \hfill \cr {{F_{{\rm{output}}}} = {A_{{\rm{bar}}}}{E_2}{\varepsilon _t}(t)} \hfill \cr } } \right\}{\rm{ }}$ (1)
$\left. \matrix{ {U_{{\rm{input}}}} = {C_1}\int_0^t {\left( {{\varepsilon _i}(t) - {\varepsilon _r}(t)} \right)} dt \hfill \cr {U_{{\rm{output}}}} = {C_2}\int_0^t {{\varepsilon _t}} (t)dt \hfill \cr} \right\}$ (2)
式中,$\varepsilon_{i}(t)$,$\varepsilon_{r}(t)$和$\varepsilon_{t}(t)$分别是在压杆上测得的入射、反射和透射应变信号。 $F_{\rm input}$,$F_{\rm output}$和$U_{\rm input}$,$U_{\rm output}$分别是入射杆、透射杆杆端的力和位移。 $E_{1}$,$E_{2}$;$C_{1}$,$C_{2}$和$A_{\rm bar}$分别是入射杆、透射杆的弹性模量、弹性波速和横截面面积。 根据式(3)可以得到材料的剪应力 $\tau $,剪应变 $\gamma $ 和平均剪应变率$\dot {\gamma }$随时间的变化曲线,进而得到材料的剪应力-剪应变曲线。
$\left. \matrix{ \tau (t) = {{({F_{{\rm{input}}}} + {F_{{\rm{output}}}})/2} \over {2{A_{\rm{s}}}}} \hfill \cr \gamma (t) = {{{U_{{\rm{input}}}} - {U_{{\rm{output}}}}} \over L} \hfill \cr \dot \gamma (t) = {{\gamma (t)} \over {{t_0}}} \hfill \cr} \right\}$ (3)
式中,$A_{\rm s}$和$L$分别是试样剪切区的横截面积和宽度,$t_{0}$是对试样的加载时间。

为便于对确定变形量下的材料进行回收分析,本文采用了单脉冲加载技术 [24],以避免应力波对试样重复加载。 图2给出了紫铜材料的典型测试信号,该实验中撞击杆长度为380 mm,试样剪切区宽度为2 mm。由图可知,入射杆内的反射波经加载端再次反射后,所形成的压缩信号幅值较低,基本转化为紧随其后的拉伸信号,说明单脉冲效果良好,避免了对试样的重复加载。由于试样本身的结构效应,使得入射波在加载端完全反射后试样与透射杆端部仍存在相互作用,因而透射信号脉宽较长,且下降沿较为平缓。

图2 典型实验波形图(L = 2 mm) Fig.2 Typical experimental signals(L = 2 mm)
1.3 试验结果及分析

本文得到了紫铜在1 400 s- 1~75 000 s-1应变率范围的剪应力-剪应变曲线,见图3。由图知,材料的流动应力存在明显的应变率强化效应。当应变率超过45 000 s-1时,实验曲线的初始段出现较大振荡,但剪应力峰值及其后的塑性流动段仍随应变率的增加而进一步提高。在较低应变率下,流动应力随剪应变的增加而明显变大;当剪应变率升至45 000 s$^{-1}$时,加工硬化效应不明显,曲线基本在同一水平附近振荡;当应变率继续提高时,流动应力随着剪应变的增大呈现下降趋势。这说明随着应变率的提高,流动应力的加工硬化效应逐渐弱化。以上现象表明材料在剪切变形过程中存在应变率硬化、加工硬化和热软化相耦合的竞争机制。紫铜原始试样与回收试样的对比见图4

图3 不同剪应变率下的剪应力--剪应变曲线 Fig.3 Shear stress--shear strain curves at different shear strain rates
图4 原始试样(上) 和回收试样(下) 对比 Fig.4 Original (up) and recovered (down) specimens
2 数值模拟及讨论

为验证实验方法的有效性,本文采用计算软件"ABAQUS/Explicit"对每组实验进行了数值模拟分析。 分别对压杆、试样及接头进行三维实体建模,并将入射应力脉冲作为初始条件均匀施加于入射杆的撞击端。由于压杆和接头不发生塑性变形,定义为弹性材料。压杆和接头采用"C3D8R"单元,试样采用"C3D10MT"温度位移耦合单元,以模拟剪切区内的温升。模型中紫铜热传导率为388 W/(m$ \cdot $K-1),比热为383 J/(kg$ \cdot $K-1),塑性功的产热系数为0。9。为准确模拟试样的剪切变形过程,试样材料采用实测的约翰逊-库克(Johnson-Cook)热黏塑性本构模型[25],以反映材料在变形过程的应变率和温度效应。

图2所示的实验进行数值模拟,并将实验和模拟所得到的入射、反射和透射应变脉冲进行比较如图5所示。可以看出,入射、反射信号的模拟与实测结果基本重合,透射波的模拟曲线略高于实测值但与之非常接近,且两者趋势一致。总体而言,各实验信号与模拟结果均吻合较好,说明本文所采用的测试方法具有较高的准确性。

为考察试样两端的受力情况,分别输出入射杆/试样和透射杆/试样两界面处的载荷-时间曲线$F_{\rm input}$和$F_{\rm output}$,见图6。由图知,由于界面受到应力波传播与反射的影响,曲线存在较多振荡,但是两条曲线幅值基本一致,且变化趋势相同,说明试样两端在加载过程可以满足受力平衡条件。

剪切区内各应力分量的平均值在加载过程的变化曲线见图7。 在整个加载过程中 $\sigma _{13}$均在很大程度上超过其他分量,说明剪切成分在该区域内占主导地位。对剪切区内的应力、应变分量进行考察可知,沿厚度方向不同路径上的各应力、应变分量值均保持稳定,观察不到明显的厚度效应;沿宽度和厚度方向,$\sigma_{13}$和$\varepsilon_{13}$幅值均显著高于其他分量,且材料较接近于纯剪切状态。由分析可知,处于剪切区中部大部分区域内的应力应变幅值分布较为平均,说明材料变形相对均匀,且该区域内剪切成分占主导地位。

假设材料处于理想的纯剪切状态,根据实验结果可由式(4)得到材料的等效应力,并由大变形下剪应变与等效应变的关系式(5) [26]得到材料的等效应变 效应力-等效应变曲线分别与模拟结果的对比。 可以看出,在各应变率下实测的剪应力-剪应变曲线及转化得到的等效应力-等效应变曲线均与模拟结果吻合较好,说明本文所提出的实验方法可以方便、有效地测得材料在冲击载荷下的剪切性能,所得到的剪应力-剪应变曲线能准确反映材料的本构特性。

图5 入射、反射和透射应变信号的实验和模拟结果比较 Fig.5 Comparison between the experimental and the simulated results of the incident, reflected and transmitted strain waves
图6 试样两端在加载过程中的载荷曲线比较 Fig.6 Comparison between the forces of the loading and supporting ends of the specimen
图7 剪切区内各应力分量的变化情况 Fig.7 Comparison of different stress components in the shear zone
图8 两种应变率下实验与模拟结果的比较 Fig.8 Comparison between experimental and simulation results of tests under two strain rates
3 结论

基于传统SHPB系统和新设计的 "品"型双剪切试样提出了一种用于材料高应变率剪切性能测试的新型加载技术。采用该方法可以在10$^{3}\sim $10$^{5 }$s$^{ - 1}$应变率范围内实现对材料冲击剪切性能的精确测量,同时可以采用高速摄影对材料的变形过程进行直接观测。结合单脉冲加载技术,可以避免应力波对试样的重复加载。 获得了紫铜在1 400$\sim $75 000 s$^{ - 1}$应变率范围的剪应力-剪应变曲线。通过数值模拟分析,发现剪切区主要区域内的应力应变场基本呈均匀分布,实测的剪应力-剪应变曲线与模拟结果吻合较好。本文所提出的测试方法可以在较高应变率下为材料动态剪切力学特性的研究提供方便有效的测试途径。

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A NEW LOADING TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SHEARING PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS UNDER HIGH STRAIN RATES
Xu Zejian, Ding Xiaoyan, Zhang Weiqi, Huang Fenglei    
State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract: Impact shearing loading technique at high strain rates is an important foundation for studying of dynamic behaviors and micromechanism of materials. Using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique, material behaviours can usually be investigated under strain rates up to 104s-1. To obtain strain rates that exceed 104s-1 under dynamic shearing, however, pressure-shear plate impact technique or direct impact method with an air-gun launched projectile has to be used. In this paper, a new double-shear specimen that can be used under the SHPB technique is proposed. With this method, dynamic shear properties of materials can be tested precisely under strain rates ranging from 103 to 105s-1. Complex interfaces or connectors are not needed between the specimen and the bars. With the aid of a simple fixture, the specimen can contact with the bars directly, with its transverse movements limited. In this work, shear stress-shear strain curves of pure copper were acquired at strain rates between 1 400 and 75 000 s-1. The dynamic loading processes were modeled by ABAQUS/Explicit to check the validity of this testing method. The results show that the shear component dominates the stress and strain fields, which are distributed uniformly in the central part of the shear zone. The measured shear stress-shear strain curves agree very well with the simulation results. It shows that the new double-shear specimen provides a convenient and e ective way to test dynamic shear properties of materials under high strain rates.
Key words: double-shear specimen    split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB)    dynamic shear    high strain rate    impact loading