Fig. 10. The relationship between $\nabla ^2\bar{{V}}$ and $r^\ast $. (a) Symmetry between $\nabla \bar{{V}}$ of soft region and quadrupolar nonaffine displacement. (b) Large gradient only in the $x$ direction. (c) Large gradient only in the $y$ direction. (d) Large gradient only in the $y = x$ direction. (e) Large gradient only in the $y = - x$ direction