EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HYBRID DETONATION OF HYDROGEN-AIR MIXTURE WITH SUSPENDED METAL PARTICLES
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摘要: 混合爆轰现象既包含气相反应又包含两相反应, 具有复杂性和多样性. 爆轰推进技术在新领域的突破性应用与发展, 依赖对爆轰现象的深刻认识. 文章采用卧式爆轰管开展铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰试验, 将μm和nm量级的球形铝粉与当量比的氢气和空气通过扬尘充分混合, 在长13 m和直径224 mm的管内直接起爆混合物. 试验中观测到不同种类的混合爆轰波, 包括双波面和单波面结构. 通过对爆轰燃气中铝粉点火燃烧特性的分析, 阐明了两相反应对铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰波结构的直接影响. 粒径100 nm和1 μm时, 混合爆轰呈现单波面结构, 对比气相爆轰爆速和压力峰值都有增加, 铝粉点火释热开始于声速面之前. 粒径20 μm和40 μm铝粉点火较慢, 混合爆轰呈现出双波面结构, 气相反应释热支持第一道波, 而铝粉燃烧支持第二道波. 粒径10 μm时, 测得爆轰波压力曲线是单波峰, 峰值压力有大幅提高, 但是爆速并没有增加. 其本质是两波面距离很近的双波面结构, 由于传感器空间辨识能力的不足而无法在压力曲线中区分. 混合爆轰试验结果充分解释了铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰现象, 反映了铝粉在复杂条件下的燃烧特性, 并且明确了铝粉的点火燃烧特性对混合爆轰现象的影响机理.Abstract: Hybrid detonation phenomena encompass a complex interplay of gas-phase and heterogeneous reactions, showcasing a rich diversity of behaviors. To unlock the transformative potential of detonation propulsion technology in novel applications, a profound understanding of hybrid detonation is paramount. In this study, we harnessed a horizontal detonation tube to conduct experiments on hybrid detonations involving hydrogen-air mixtures and suspended aluminum powder. Through meticulous blending of micro-sized and nano-sized spherical aluminum powders with stoichiometric proportions of hydrogen and air, the resulting mixture was directly initiated within a 13-meter-long and 224-millimeter-diameter detonation section. This investigation unveiled an array of hybrid detonation waveforms, encompassing both single and double shock structures, depending on the particle sizes of the aluminum powders. By delving into the ignition and combustion characteristics of aluminum particles within the detonation gases, we elucidated the direct impact of heterogeneous reactions on the wave structure of hybrid detonations. For instance, when using 100 nm or 1 μm aluminum particles, the hybrid detonations displayed single-shock structures, featuring heightened detonation velocity and peak pressure compared to their gas-phase counterparts. Notably, the exothermicity of aluminum particles' ignition initiated prior to reaching the sonic surface. Conversely, with 20 μm or 40 μm particles, a delayed ignition led to double-shock structures in the hybrid detonations, where gas-phase reactions supported the initial shock, while heterogeneous combustion bolstered the subsequent one. Notably, for 10 μm particles, the pressure curves exhibited a singular peak with significantly elevated pressure, despite no increase in detonation velocity. This essentially represented a double-shock structure with closely spaced shocks, indistinguishable within the pressure curves due to limitations in the sensors' spatial resolution. The experimental outcomes collectively offer an extensive comprehension of hybrid detonation. They shed light on the ignition and combustion characteristics of aluminum particles under intricate conditions, and underscore the pivotal role of heterogeneous reactions in shaping the complex nature of hybrid detonation.
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Key words:
- metal powder /
- hybrid detonation /
- heterogeneous reactions /
- ignition delay /
- chemical reaction flow
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图 5 铝粉扫描电镜照与铝粉颗粒尺寸分布 (续)
Figure 5. Aluminum powder scanning electron microscope photo and particle size distribution (continued)
图 9 不同粒径铝粉颗粒的点火延迟
Figure 9. Ignition delay of aluminum powder with different particle sizes
表 1 气相爆轰理论计算结果
Table 1. Theoretical results of gas phase detonation
Parameter Value mole ratio (H2/O2/N2) 2.0 : 1.0 : 4.3 detonation velocity/(m·s−1) 1923 C-J temperature/K 2845 C-J pressure/bar 14.87 
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表 2 混合爆轰实验工况
Table 2. Hybrid detonation test condition
No. Initial pressure/bar Nominal size/μm Powder concentration/(kg·m−3) 1 1.0 40 0.3 2 1.0 20 0.3 3 1.0 10 0.3 4 1.0 1 0.3 5 1.0 0.1 0.15
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表 3 混合爆轰波测试结果汇总
Table 3. Summary of hybrid detonation test results
Nominal size/μm First wave velocity/(km·s−1) Second wave velocity/(km·s−1) Ignition delay before/after sonic surfaceⅠ 40 1.87 1.68 after 20 1.86 1.89 10 1.84 — 1 1.93 — before 0.1 1.91 —
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