Abstract: Turbine disk rotors serve in severe transient thermal shock environments, and their material properties evolve drastically with the temperature field. Existing studies on turbine disk structural design usually adopt the assumption of constant material properties or simplify transient heat conduction into a fixed temperature field, so as to avoid enormous computational consumption. However, the above methods cause deviations between the design condition and the actual operating condition, leading to design results that are unsafe or overly conservative. To solve the above problems, this study proposes a topology optimization method for turbine disk structures that considers the temperature-dependent characteristics of material properties under transient heat conduction. In the optimization model, the nonlinear iterative calculation of the temperature dependence of material properties is synchronously coupled into the transient quasi-static thermoelastic analysis process. The Picard iteration method is adopted to perform the quasi-static thermoelastic analysis under transient heat conduction in which material properties vary with temperature, and the P-norm integral is used to characterize the time-domain maximum value of the structural response. The results of numerical examples show that, compared with the method assuming constant material properties and the method simplifying transient heat conduction into a fixed temperature field, the proposed method can accurately reflect the influence of the transient effect of thermal loads on the temperature-dependent characteristics of material properties. Under different thermal load action times, the proposed method can ensure that the design results satisfy the stress constraints and achieve a better design under the optimization setting of this paper, thus realizing the precise design of turbine disk structures with temperature-dependent material properties under transient heat conduction.