RESEARCH PROGRESS IN AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS
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摘要: 随着运行速度的提升, 高速列车对气动外形的要求也越来越高, 追求性能优异、美观大方的气动外形是新型高速列车研发的一个重要方向. 基于当前高速列车外形研发的思路, 可以将气动外形优化概括为基于流场机理的改型优化和基于优化算法的外形优化两类. 本文简要回顾了当前国内外在这两类优化途径上的系列工作, 着重介绍了作者所在团队近年来做过的一系列气动外形优化工作. 在基于流场机理的改型优化上, 着重从"和谐号"和"复兴号"这两款主力车型的外形研发上探讨其改型优化的思路, 主要探讨了空调导流罩、受电弓平台、风挡和转向架裙板几类对列车阻力影响较为明显的部件的优化设计,并介绍了其相对于上一代车型在气动性能上的提升. 基于优化算法的外形优化方法,则因循气动外形优化流程, 在列车外形已经具有较好性能的基础上,以高速列车头型流线型为主要优化对象,分别从高速列车参数化方法、替代模型开发以及优化算法改进三个方面进行介绍.其中,高速列车参数化方法主要介绍了局部型函数法、修正车辆造型函数法和类别/形状函数法三类;替代模型开发介绍了最优化替代模型和基于交叉验证的Kriging模型; 在优化算法的改进上介绍了改进的非劣分类多目标粒子群算法和连续域混沌蚁群算法两方面的内容.基于上述三个方面介绍了气动外形优化策略在典型工程上的应用案例.Abstract: With the increase of running speed, high-speed trains have higher requirement for aerodynamic shape. The pursuit of excellent performance and beautiful aerodynamic shape tends to be an important direction in the development of new high-speed trains. Based on the current aerodynamic study of high-speed trains, aerodynamic shape optimization can be divided into two categories: shape modification optimization based on flow mechanism and shape optimization based on optimization algorithms. After a brief review of the current domestic and foreign work on these two optimization approaches, this paper focuses on a series of aerodynamic shape optimization work done by the author's team in recent years. In terms of the modification optimization based on the flow field mechanism, this paper focuses on the research and development of the appearance of the two main models, namely "CRH" and "Fuxing" , to discuss the idea of the modification optimization. It mainly discusses the optimization design of air conditioning cover, pantograph installation platform, windshield and bogie apron, which have obvious influence on the train resistance, and introduces the improvement of aerodynamic performance of these components compared with the previous models. In the shape optimization method based on an optimization algorithm, according to the aerodynamic shape optimization process, taking the streamline of high-speed train head as the main optimization object, we introduce our series of work from three aspects: high-speed train parameterization method, surrogate model development and the improvement of the optimization algorithm. Among them, high-speed train parameterization methods mainly include local function method, modified vehicle modeling function method, and category/shape function method; in the development of the alternative model, the optimization alternative model and Kriging model based on cross-validation are introduced; on the improvement of the optimization algorithm, the improved non-inferior classification multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm and continuous domain chaotic ant colony algorithm are introduced. Based on the improvement of the above three aspects, the application cases of the developed aerodynamic shape optimization strategy in typical engineering are further introduced.
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